项脊轩志

《项脊轩志》原文

项脊轩，旧南阁子也。室仅方丈，可容一人居。百年老屋，尘泥渗漉，雨泽下注；每移案，顾视无可置者。又北向，不能得日，日过午已昏。余稍为修葺，使不上漏。前辟四窗，垣墙周庭，以当南日，日影反照，室始洞然。又杂植兰桂竹木于庭，旧时栏楯，亦遂增胜。借书满架，偃仰啸歌，冥然兀坐，万籁有声；而庭阶寂寂，小鸟时来啄食，人至不去。三五之夜，明月半墙，桂影斑驳，风移影动，珊珊可爱。
然余居于此，多可喜，亦多可悲。先是庭中通南北为一。迨诸父异爨，内外多置小门墙，往往而是。东犬西吠，客逾庖而宴，鸡栖于厅。庭中始为篱，已为墙，凡再变矣。家有老妪，尝居于此。妪，先大母婢也，乳二世，先妣抚之甚厚。室西连于中闺，先妣尝一至。妪每谓余曰：“某所，而母立于兹。”妪又曰：“汝姊在吾怀，呱呱而泣；娘以指叩门扉曰：‘儿寒乎？欲食乎？’吾从板外相为应答。”语未毕，余泣，妪亦泣。余自束发读书轩中，一日，大母过余曰：“吾儿，久不见若影，何竟日默默在此，大类女郎也？”比去，以手阖门，自语曰：“吾家读书久不效，儿之成，则可待乎！”顷之，持一象笏至，曰：“此吾祖太常公宣德间执此以朝，他日汝当用之！”瞻顾遗迹，如在昨日，令人长号不自禁。
轩东故尝为厨，人往，从轩前过。余扃牖而居，久之，能以足音辨人。轩凡四遭火，得不焚，殆有神护者。
项脊生曰：“蜀清守丹穴，利甲天下，其后秦皇帝筑女怀清台；刘玄德与曹操争天下，诸葛孔明起陇中。方二人之昧昧于一隅也，世何足以知之，余区区处败屋中，方扬眉瞬目，谓有奇景。人知之者，其谓与坎井之蛙何异？”
余既为此志，后五年，吾妻来归，时至轩中，从余问古事，或凭几学书。吾妻归宁，述诸小妹语曰：“闻姊家有阁子，且何谓阁子也？”其后六年，吾妻死，室坏不修。其后二年，余久卧病无聊，乃使人复葺南阁子，其制稍异于前。然自后余多在外，不常居。
庭有枇杷树，吾妻死之年所手植也，今已亭亭如盖矣。

中文翻译

项脊轩，是过去的南阁子。室内面积只有一丈见方，可以容纳一个人居住。这座百年老屋，（屋顶墙上的）泥土从上边漏下来，雨水也一直往下流；我每次动书桌，环视四周都没有可以安置桌案的地方。又屋子方位朝北，不能被阳光照到，太阳一过中午，屋里就暗了下来。我稍稍修理了一下，使它不从上面漏土漏雨。在前面开了四扇窗子，在院子四周砌上围墙，用来挡住南面射来的日光，日光反射照耀，室内才明亮起来。又在庭院里错杂地种上兰花、桂树、竹子等草木，往日的栏杆，也增加了新的光彩。家中的书摆满了书架，我仰头高声吟诵诗歌，有时又静静地独自端坐，听自然界各种各样的声音；庭院、台阶前静悄悄的，小鸟不时飞下来啄食，人走到它跟前也不离开。农历十五的夜晚，明月高悬，照亮半截墙壁，桂树的影子交杂错落，微风吹过影子摇动，可爱极了。
然而我住在这里，有许多值得高兴的事，也有许多值得悲伤的事。在这以前，庭院南北相通成为一体。等到伯父、叔父们分了家，在室内外设置了许多小门，墙壁到处都是。分家后，狗把原住同一庭院的人当作陌生人，客人得越过厨房去吃饭，鸡在厅堂里栖息。庭院中开始是篱笆隔开，然后又砌成了墙，一共变了两次。家中有个老婆婆，曾经在这里居住过。这个老婆婆，是我已经去世的祖母的婢女，给两代人喂过奶，先母对她很好。房子的西边和内室相连，先母曾经常来。老婆婆常常对我说：“这个地方，你母亲曾经站在这儿。”老婆婆又说：“你姐姐在我怀中，呱呱地哭泣；你母亲用手指敲着房门说：‘孩子是冷呢，还是想吃东西呢？’我隔着门一一回答……”话还没有说完，我就哭起来，老婆婆也流下了眼泪。我从十五岁起就在轩内读书，有一天，祖母来看我，说：“我的孩子，好久没有见到你的身影了，为什么整天默默地呆在这里，真像个女孩子呀？”等到离开时，用手关上门，自言自语地说：“我们家读书人很久没有得到功名了，（我）孩子的成功，就指日可待了啊！”不一会，拿着一个象笏过来，说：“这是我祖父太常公宣德年间拿着去朝见皇帝用的，以后你一定会用到它！”瞻仰回顾旧日遗物，就像在昨天一样，真让人忍不住放声大哭。
项脊轩的东边曾经是厨房，人们到那里去，必须从轩前经过。我关着窗子住在里面，时间长了，能够根据脚步声辨别是谁。项脊轩一共遭过四次火灾，能够不被焚毁，大概是有神灵在保护着吧。
项脊生说：“巴蜀地方有个名叫清的寡妇，她继承了丈夫留下的朱砂矿，采矿获利为天下第一，后来秦始皇筑“女怀清台”纪念她。刘备与曹操争夺天下，诸葛亮由务农出而建立勋业。当这两个人还待在不为人所知的偏僻角落时，世人又怎么能知道他们呢？我今天渺小地居住在这破旧的小屋里，却自得其乐，以为有奇景异致。如果有知道我这种境遇的人，恐怕会把我看作目光短浅的井底之蛙吧！”
我作了这篇文章之后，过了五年，我的妻子嫁到我家来，她时常来到轩中，向我问一些旧时的事情，有时伏在桌旁学写字。我妻子回娘家探亲，回来转述她的小妹妹们的话说：“听说姐姐家有个小阁楼，那么，什么叫小阁楼呢？”这以后六年，我的妻子去世，项脊轩破败没有整修。又过了两年，我很长时间生病卧床没有什么（精神上的）寄托，就派人再次修缮南阁子，格局跟过去稍有不同。然而这之后我多在外边，不常住在这里。
庭院中有一株枇杷树，是我妻子去世那年她亲手种植的，如今已经高高挺立，枝叶繁茂像伞一样了。

英文翻译

Xiangjixuan, formerly known as the South Pavilion. The room is only about ten square feet, just enough to accommodate one person. This hundred - year - old house has long been leaking. The dirt and mud seep through from above, and the rainwater drips down. Whenever I move the desk, I look around but find nowhere to put it. Moreover, the house faces north, so it doesn't get much sunlight. After noon, the room becomes rather dim.
I made some minor repairs to the house to prevent the leaks from above. I opened four windows in the front and built a courtyard wall all around. In this way, the sunlight from the south could be blocked and reflected into the room, making the interior bright and clear. Then I planted orchids, osmanthus trees, and bamboo in the courtyard at random. The old railings also added to the charm of the place. The bookshelves in the room were filled with books. I would either lie back and sing loudly or sit quietly, listening to all kinds of sounds in nature. The courtyard and the steps were very quiet. Sometimes little birds would come to peck at the food on the ground, and they wouldn't leave even when people approached. On the fifteenth night of the lunar month, with the bright moon shining on half of the wall, the shadows of the osmanthus trees were mottled. When the wind blew, the shadows swayed gently, looking extremely lovely.
However, living here brought me both joy and sorrow. Before, the courtyard was connected from south to north as one unit. But after my uncles and aunts divided the family property, they set up many small doors and walls inside and outside the house, everywhere you looked. Dogs from the east barked at those from the west as if they were strangers. Guests had to pass through the kitchen to have a meal, and chickens roosted in the hall. At first, there was a fence in the courtyard, which was later replaced by a wall. This change happened twice.
There was an old woman in the house who used to live here. She was a maid of my late grandmother and had breast - fed two generations of our family. My late mother treated her very well. The west side of the room was connected to the inner chamber, where my late mother once came. The old woman often said to me, "Right here, your mother once stood." She also said, "Your sister was crying in my arms, and your mother knocked on the door and asked, 'Are you cold? Do you want something to eat?' I answered her from outside the door." Before she finished speaking, I burst into tears, and so did she.
I started reading in this study when I was fifteen years old. One day, my grandmother came to see me and said, "My child, it's been a long time since I last saw you. Why are you always sitting here quietly all day long? You look just like a little girl." Before she left, she closed the door gently and said to herself, "Our family hasn't had anyone succeed in the imperial examinations for a long time. Your success is just around the corner!" A moment later, she brought a jade tablet and said, "This is the tablet that my great - grandfather, the Grand Minister of Rites, used when he went to court during the Xuande reign. You will surely use it one day!" Looking at these relics, it seemed as if it were just yesterday, and I couldn't help but burst into tears.
The east side of Xiangjixuan used to be the kitchen. People had to pass by the front of the study when they went there. I closed the windows and lived inside. Over time, I could recognize people by their footsteps. Xiangjixuan caught fire four times in total but was not burned down. It must have been protected by some divine power.
Xiangjixuan said, "In Shu, there was a widow named Qing who inherited her husband's cinnabar mine. Her profits from mining were the highest in the world. Later, Emperor Qin Shi Huang built the 'Girl Huaqing Platform' in her honor. Liu Bei and Cao Cao were competing for the world, and Zhuge Liang rose from a farmer's life to establish great achievements. When these two people were still unknown in their remote corners, how could the world know them? Today, I am living in this shabby little house, but I enjoy myself and think there are wonderful scenery here. If someone knows about my situation, they might think I am as short - sighted as a frog in a well!"
After I wrote this article, five years later, my wife came to my home. She often came to Xiangjixuan to ask me about old events or to learn calligraphy by the desk. When my wife went back to her parents' home, she told her younger sisters, "I heard that my sister has a small pavilion at home. What is a small pavilion?" Six years later, my wife passed away, and the study became dilapidated and was not repaired. Two years later, I was seriously ill and bedridden for a long time, feeling very bored. So I sent someone to repair the South Pavilion again, but its structure was slightly different from before. However, after that, I was often away from home and didn't live here all the time.
There was a loquat tree in the courtyard, which my wife planted with her own hands in the year she passed away. Now it has grown tall and its branches and leaves are as dense as an umbrella.

背景补充

创作背景

《项脊轩志》是明代文学家归有光的作品。归有光自幼苦读，九岁能属文，但仕途不顺，多次参加科举考试都未能中第。直到嘉靖十九年（1540 年），他才考中举人，后又多次参加会试，均落第。直到嘉靖四十四年（1565 年），他才考中进士。
项脊轩是归有光的书斋名，也是他青少年时代读书的地方。这篇文章写于嘉靖三十一年（1552 年），当时归有光十九岁，尚未考取功名。文章通过对项脊轩的环境描写以及与之相关的人和事的叙述，表达了作者对亲人的深切怀念之情。

作者简介

归有光（1507 年 - 1571 年），字熙甫，又字开甫，别号震川，又号项脊生，世称“震川先生”。苏州府昆山县（今江苏昆山）宣化里人。明朝中期散文家、官员。
归有光的散文风格朴实，感情真挚，善于通过琐事描写来表达深情，被后人誉为“明文第一”。他的代表作品除了《项脊轩志》外，还有《先妣事略》《寒花葬志》等。

文章主旨

文章以项脊轩为线索，通过对项脊轩前后变化的描写，追忆了母亲、祖母和妻子三位亲人，表达了作者对亲人的深切怀念之情，同时也流露出作者在科举道路上的坎坷经历和对家族兴衰的感慨。文章情感真挚动人，具有很强的艺术感染力。