季氏将伐颛臾

《季氏将伐颛臾》原文

季氏将伐颛臾。冉有、季路见于孔子曰：“季氏将有事于颛臾。”
孔子曰：“求！无乃尔是过与？夫颛臾，昔者先王以为东蒙主，且在邦域之中矣，是社稷之臣也。何以伐为？”
冉有曰：“夫子欲之，吾二臣者皆不欲也。”
孔子曰：“求！周任有言曰：‘陈力就列，不能者止。’危而不持，颠而不扶，则将焉用彼相矣？且尔言过矣。虎兕出于柙，龟玉毁于椟中，是谁之过与？”
冉有曰：“今夫颛臾，固而近于费。今不取，后世必为子孙忧。”
孔子曰：“求！君子疾夫舍曰欲之而必为之辞。丘也闻有国有家者，不患寡而患不均，不患贫而患不安。盖均无贫，和无寡，安无倾。夫如是，故远人不服，则修文德以来之。既来之，则安之。今由与求也，相夫子，远人不服而不能来也，邦分崩离析而不能守也，而谋动干戈于邦内。吾恐季孙之忧，不在颛臾，而在萧墙之内也。”

中文翻译

季孙氏将要讨伐颛臾。冉有、季路拜见孔子说：“季孙氏准备对颛臾采取军事行动。”
孔子说：“冉有！我恐怕该责备你了。那颛臾，从前先王把他当作主管东蒙山祭祀的人，而且它地处鲁国境内。这是鲁国的臣属，为什么要讨伐它呢？”
冉有说：“季孙要这么干，我们两个做臣下的都不愿意。”
孔子说：“冉有！周任有句话说：‘能施展才能就担任那职位，不能这样做则不担任那职务。’盲人遇到危险却不去护持，将要跌倒却不去搀扶，那何必要用那个做相的人呢？况且你的话错了，老虎和犀牛从笼子里跑出，龟甲和玉器在匣子里被毁坏，这是谁的过错呢？”
冉有说：“如今颛臾城墙坚固而且靠近费城，现在不夺取，后世一定会成为子孙们的忧虑。”
孔子说：“冉有！君子厌恶那些不说自己想去做却偏要编造借口（来搪塞态度）的人。我听说士大夫都有自己的封地，他们不怕财富不多而怕分配不均匀，不怕民众不多而怕不安定。财物分配公平合理，就没有贫穷；上下和睦，就不必担心人少；社会安定，国家就没有倾覆的危险。依照这个道理，原来的远方的人不归服，就发扬文治教化来使他归服；使他来了之后，就要使他安定下来。如今由与求两人辅佐季孙，远方的人不归服，却不能使他们来；国家四分五裂而不能保持它的稳定统一；反而在境内策划兴起干戈。我恐怕季孙氏的忧虑，不在颛臾，而是在鲁国内部。”

英文翻译

Ji Sun (a powerful noble family in the State of Lu) was going to attack Zhuanyu. Ran You and Ji Lu went to see Confucius and said, "Ji Sun is going to take military action against Zhuanyu."
Confucius said, "Ran You! I am afraid you should be blamed for this. Zhuanyu, in the past, was appointed by the former kings as the master of the sacrifices at Dongmeng Mountain, and it is also within the territory of the state of Lu. It is a vassal of the state. Why should it be attacked?"
Ran You said, "It is our lord (Ji Sun) who wants to do so. Both of us as his subordinates don't want to do it."
Confucius said, "Ran You! Zhou Ren has a saying: 'Assume office according to one's ability, and if one is not capable, one should withdraw.' When a blind man is about to stumble, if you don't support him; when he is about to fall, if you don't help him, then what is the use of having a guide by his side? Moreover, what you said is wrong. If a tiger or a rhinoceros escapes from its cage, and if a tortoise shell or a piece of jade is damaged in its case, whose fault is it?"
Ran You said, "Now Zhuanyu is fortified and is close to Fei (a place belonging to Ji Sun's family). If we don't seize it now, it will surely become a source of worry for our descendants in the future."
Confucius said, "Ran You! A gentleman hates those who are reluctant to admit their real intentions but must find an excuse for their actions. I have heard that those who have states or families don't worry about being poor but worry about the unfair distribution of wealth; they don't worry about having a small population but worry about the lack of social stability. When the distribution of wealth is fair, there will be no poverty; when there is harmony among the people, there will be no worry about a small population; when the society is stable, the state will not be in danger of collapse. Since this is the case, if the distant people don't submit to you, then cultivate virtue and culture to attract them. Once they come, make them feel at home. Now, both of you are serving under our lord (Ji Sun). The distant people don't submit to us, but you can't attract them; the state is falling apart, but you can't keep it stable; instead, you plan to start a war within the state. I am afraid that Ji Sun's worry is not about Zhuanyu, but rather within the walls of his own residence (referring to internal strife within the Ji Sun family)."

背景补充

历史背景

春秋时期，周王室衰微，诸侯争霸战争不断，各诸侯国内部卿大夫的势力也逐渐崛起，他们之间争权夺利，相互攻伐。鲁国是当时的一个诸侯国，季孙氏是鲁国的三桓之一（三桓指季孙氏、孟孙氏、叔孙氏），势力强大，在鲁国掌握着实际的政治权力。颛臾是鲁国的附庸国，位于鲁国境内，靠近季孙氏的封邑费城。季孙氏想要讨伐颛臾，其目的可能是为了扩大自己的领地，增强自身的实力。

孔子思想主张体现

• ​维护周礼​：孔子生活在礼崩乐坏的时代，他一生致力于恢复周礼，主张“君君、臣臣、父父、子子”，强调等级秩序和名分的重要性。在本文中，他认为颛臾是先王所封，是鲁国的臣属，季孙氏攻打颛臾是违背周礼的行为，因此坚决反对。
• ​施行仁政​：孔子主张统治者要实行仁政，关心百姓的疾苦，使百姓安居乐业。他认为财富分配不均、社会不安定才是国家的问题所在，而不是财富少或人口少。因此，对于远方不服的人，应该通过修文德来使他们归服，而不是用武力去征服。
• ​正名思想​：孔子提出“正名”的主张，即纠正名分上的混乱，使名实相符。他认为冉有和季路作为季孙氏的家臣，没有尽到自己的责任，没有劝阻季孙氏的错误行为，这是名不副实的。他批评冉有等人找借口推卸责任，体现了他对正名的重视。

文学价值

• ​论辩艺术高超​：本文记录了孔子与冉有、季路的一场对话，孔子通过层层深入的追问和巧妙的比喻，如“虎兕出于柙，龟玉毁于椟中”等，批驳了冉有等人的观点，论证了自己的主张，展现了高超的论辩技巧。
• ​语言简洁生动​：孔子的言辞简洁明了，富有表现力。他善于运用反问句、感叹句等增强语气，如“何以伐为？”“是谁之过与？”等，使文章具有强烈的感染力和说服力。
• ​蕴含深刻哲理​：文章不仅是一场关于政治事件的讨论，还蕴含了丰富的哲学思想，如对国家治理、社会稳定、道德修养等方面的思考，对后世产生了深远的影响。