子鱼论战

《子鱼论战》原文

宋公及楚人战于泓。宋人既成列，楚人未既济。司马曰：“彼众我寡，及其未既济也，请击之。”公曰：“不可。”既济而未成列，又以告。公曰：“未可。”既陈而后击之，宋师败绩。公伤股，门官歼焉。
国人皆咎公。公曰：“君子不重伤，不禽二毛。古之为军也，不以阻隘也。寡人虽亡国之余，不鼓不成列。”
子鱼曰：“君未知战。勍敌之人，隘而不列，天赞我也。阻而鼓之，不亦可乎？犹有惧焉！且今之勍者，皆我敌也。虽及胡耇，获则取之，何有于二毛？明耻教战，求杀敌也。伤未及死，如何勿重？若爱重伤，则如勿伤；爱其二毛，则如服焉。三军以利用也，金鼓以声气也。利而用之，阻隘可也；声盛致志，鼓儳可也。”

中文翻译

宋襄公和楚国人在泓水交战。宋军已经排成战斗的行列，楚国人没有全部渡过泓水。子鱼说：“对方人多，我方人少，趁着他们没有全部渡过泓水，请攻击他们。”宋襄公说：“不行。”楚军全部渡河，但尚未排好阵势，子鱼再次报告（宋襄公）。宋襄公说：“还不行。”（楚军）摆好阵势（宋军）才攻击楚军。宋军大败。宋襄公大腿受伤，国君的卫士被杀绝了。
国人都责备宋襄公。宋襄公说：“君子不再伤害已经受伤的人，不俘虏头发斑白的老人。古代作战的人，不凭借险隘的地形阻击敌人。我虽然是亡国者的后代，（也）不攻击没有排成阵势的敌人。”
子鱼说：“主公不懂得作战。面对强大的敌人，（敌人）因地势险阻而未成阵势，这是上天帮助我们；阻截然后攻击他们，不也可以吗？还有什么害怕的呢！而且现在强大的，都是我们的敌人。即使是年纪很大的人，能俘虏就抓回来，对头发斑白的人有什么值得怜惜的？使士兵明白什么是耻辱来鼓舞斗志，奋勇作战，为的是消灭敌人。敌人受了伤，还没有死，为什么不能再杀伤他们？如果怜惜（他们，不愿）再去伤害受伤的敌人，不如一开始就不伤害他们；怜惜头发斑白的敌人，不如向他们投降。军队凭借有利的战机来进行战斗，鸣金击鼓是用来助长声势、鼓舞士气的。既然军队作战要抓住有利的战机，那么敌人处于困境时，正好可以利用。既然声势壮大，充分鼓舞起士兵斗志，那么攻击未成列的敌人，当然是可以的。”

英文翻译

Duke Xiang of Song and the people of Chu fought at Hong. The troops of Song had formed their battle - array, while the troops of Chu had not yet all crossed the Hong River. Sima (the chief military officer) said, "The enemy is numerous and we are few. Please attack them before they have all crossed the river." Duke Xiang said, "No." After the troops of Chu had crossed the river but had not yet formed their battle - array, he reported to Duke Xiang again. Duke Xiang said, "It is not yet time." (The troops of Chu) formed their battle - array and then the troops of Song attacked them. The army of Song was utterly defeated. Duke Xiang's thigh was wounded, and all the guards of the ducal palace were killed.
All the people in the state blamed Duke Xiang. Duke Xiang said, "A gentleman does not wound an already - wounded person, nor capture an old man with white hair. In ancient times, those who fought a war did not take advantage of the dangerous terrain to block the enemy. Although I am a descendant of a fallen state, I will not attack an enemy who has not yet formed his battle - array."
Zi Yu (son of Duke Xiang) said, "Your Grace does not understand the art of war. When facing a powerful enemy who is blocked by the terrain and has not yet formed his battle - array, it is Heaven that helps us. Why not block and then attack them? There is still something to be afraid of! Moreover, those who are strong now are all our enemies. Even if they are very old, if we can capture them, we should do so. What is there to pity about an old man with white hair? To make the soldiers understand what is shameful in order to inspire their fighting spirit and fight bravely is for the purpose of annihilating the enemy. If the enemy is wounded but not dead, why not wound him again? If you love not to wound the already - wounded, then it would be better not to wound them at all; if you love the old men with white hair, then it would be better to surrender to them. The army relies on taking advantage of the favorable situation to fight, and the use of gongs and drums is to boost the morale and spirit. Since the army should take advantage of the favorable situation in fighting, it is right to take advantage when the enemy is in a difficult position; since a strong momentum can inspire the soldiers' fighting spirit, it is right to attack the enemy who has not yet formed his battle - array."

背景补充

历史背景

春秋时期，诸侯争霸战争不断。宋国和楚国都是当时的强国，双方为了争夺中原地区的霸权，矛盾日益尖锐。泓水之战发生在公元前638年，是宋楚两国之间的一场重要战役。当时，宋襄公企图凭借宋国的军事力量在诸侯中树立威望，称霸中原，而楚国则试图进一步扩张其在中原地区的影响力，双方在泓水相遇，从而引发了这场战争。

人物介绍

• ​宋襄公​：春秋时期宋国的国君，名兹甫。他是宋桓公的嫡子，在位期间，企图恢复殷商的旧业，成为中原诸侯的霸主。泓水之战中，他坚持所谓的“仁义”之师的原则，拒绝在敌人未完全准备好时发动攻击，最终导致宋军大败，自己也身负重伤，不久后去世。
• ​子鱼​：即公子目夷，是宋襄公的庶兄，也是宋国的大司马。他具有卓越的军事才能和政治远见，在泓水之战中，他多次建议宋襄公抓住战机，攻击尚未准备好的楚军，但宋襄公没有听从他的建议。战后，他对宋襄公的错误决策进行了批评和指正。

文学价值

• ​深刻的思想内涵​：文章通过宋襄公和子鱼在泓水之战中的不同表现和观点，探讨了战争中的战略战术和道德原则的问题。宋襄公坚持“仁义”之师的原则，却导致了战争的失败，而子鱼则主张抓住战机，灵活运用战术，体现了不同的战争观念和价值取向。这种思想的碰撞和冲突，引发了读者对战争本质和道德准则的深入思考。
• ​鲜明的人物形象塑造​：通过对宋襄公和子鱼的言行、心理活动的描写，生动地刻画了两个性格鲜明的人物形象。宋襄公的迂腐、固执和子鱼的明智、果断形成了鲜明的对比，使读者能够更加深刻地理解他们的性格特点和思想观念。
• ​语言简洁生动​：文章语言简洁明了，没有过多的修饰和渲染，但却能够准确地表达出作者的观点和意图。同时，在对话中运用了一些生动的词语和句式，增强了文章的表现力和感染力。