管晏列传

《管晏列传》原文

管仲夷吾者，颍上人也。少时常与鲍叔牙游，鲍叔知其贤。管仲贫困，常欺鲍叔，鲍叔终善遇之，不以为言。已而鲍叔事齐公子小白，管仲事公子纠。及小白立为桓公，公子纠死，管仲囚焉。鲍叔遂进管仲。管仲既用，任政于齐，齐桓公以霸，九合诸侯，一匡天下，管仲之谋也。
管仲曰：“吾始困时，尝与鲍叔贾，分财利多自与，鲍叔不以我为贪，知我贫也。吾尝为鲍叔谋事而更穷困，鲍叔不以我为愚，知时有利不利也。吾尝三仕三见逐于君，鲍叔不以我为不肖，知我不遭时也。吾尝三战三走，鲍叔不以我为怯，知我有老母也。公子纠败，召忽死之，吾幽囚受辱，鲍叔不以我为无耻，知我不羞小节而耻功名不显于天下也。生我者父母，知我者鲍子也。”
鲍叔既进管仲，以身下之。子孙世禄于齐，有封邑者十余世，常为名大夫。天下不多管仲之贤而多鲍叔能知人也。
管仲既任政相齐，以区区之齐在海滨，通货积财，富国强兵，与俗同好恶。故其称曰：“仓廪实而知礼节，衣食足而知荣辱，上服度则六亲固。四维不张，国乃灭亡。下令如流水之原，令顺民心。”故论卑而易行。俗之所欲，因而予之；俗之所否，因而去之。
其为政也，善因祸而为福，转败而为功。贵轻重，慎权衡。桓公实怒少姬，南袭蔡，管仲因而伐楚，责包茅不入贡于周室。桓公实北征山戎，而管仲因而令燕修召公之政。于柯之会，桓公欲背曹沫之约，管仲因而信之，诸侯由是归齐。故曰：“知与之为取，政之宝也。”
管仲富拟于公室，有三归、反坫，齐人不以为侈。管仲卒，齐国遵其政，常强于诸侯。后百余年而有晏子焉。
晏平仲婴者，莱之夷维人也。事齐灵公、庄公、景公，以节俭力行重于齐。既相齐，食不重肉，妾不衣帛。其在朝，君语及之，即危言；语不及之，即危行。国有道，即顺命；无道，即衡命。以此三世显名于诸侯。
越石父贤，在缧绁中。晏子出，遭之涂，解左骖赎之，载归。弗谢，入闺。久之，越石父请绝。晏子戄然，摄衣冠谢曰：“婴虽不仁，免子于缧绁，何子求绝之速也？”石父曰：“不然。吾闻君子诎于不知己而信于知己者。方吾在缧绁中，彼不知我也。夫子既已感寤而赎我，是知己；知己而无礼，固不如在缧绁之中。”晏子于是延入为上客。
晏子为齐相，出，其御之妻从门间而窥其夫。其夫为相御，拥大盖，策驷马，意气扬扬，甚自得也。既而归，其妻请去。夫问其故。妻曰：“晏子长不满六尺，身相齐国，名显诸侯。今者妾观其出，志念深矣，常有以自下者。今子长八尺，乃为人仆御，然子之意自以为足，妾是以求去也。”其后夫自抑损。晏子怪而问之，御以实对。晏子荐以为大夫。
太史公曰：吾读管氏《牧民》《山高》《乘马》《轻重》《九府》，及《晏子春秋》，详哉其言之也。既见其著书，欲观其行事，故次其传。至其书，世多有之，是以不论，论其轶事。
管仲，世所谓贤臣，然孔子小之。岂以为周道衰微，桓公既贤，而不勉之至王，乃称霸哉？语曰“将顺其美，匡救其恶，故上下能相亲也”。岂管仲之谓乎？
方晏子伏庄公尸哭之，成礼然后去，岂所谓“见义不为无勇”者邪？至其谏说，犯君之颜，此所谓“进思尽忠，退思补过”者哉！假令晏子而在，余虽为之执鞭，所忻慕焉。

中文翻译

管仲，名夷吾，是颍上人。他年轻的时候，常和鲍叔牙交往，鲍叔牙知道他贤明、有才干。管仲家贫，经常占鲍叔的便宜，但鲍叔始终很好地对待他，不因为这些事而有什么怨言。不久，鲍叔侍奉齐国公子小白，管仲侍奉公子纠。等到小白即位，立为齐桓公以后，公子纠被杀，管仲也被囚禁。鲍叔牙于是向齐桓公推荐管仲。管仲被任用以后，在齐国执政，桓公凭借着管仲而称霸，并以霸主的身份，多次会合诸侯，使天下归正于一，这都是管仲的智谋。
管仲说：“我当初贫困时，曾经和鲍叔一起做生意，分财利时自己总是多要一些，鲍叔并不认为我贪财，而是知道我家里贫穷。我曾经替鲍叔谋划事情，反而使他更加困顿不堪，陷于窘境，鲍叔不认为我愚笨，他知道时运有时顺利，有时不顺利。我曾经多次作官多次都被国君驱逐，鲍叔不认为我不成器，他知道我没遇上好时机。我曾经多次打仗多次逃跑。鲍叔不认为我胆小，他知道我家里有老母需要赡养。公子纠失败，召忽为之殉难，我被囚禁遭受屈辱，鲍叔不认为我没有廉耻，知道我不因小的过失感到羞愧，却以功名不显扬于天下而感到耻辱。生养我的是父母，真正了解我的是鲍叔啊。”
鲍叔推荐了管仲以后，情愿把自身置于管仲之下。他的子孙世世代代在齐国享有俸禄，得到封地的有十几代，多数是著名的大夫。因此，天下的人不称赞管仲的才干，反而赞美鲍叔能够识别人才。
管仲出任齐相执政以后，凭借着小小的齐国在海滨的条件，流通货物，积聚财富，使得国富兵强，与百姓同好恶。所以，他在《管子》一书中称述说：“仓库储备充实了，百姓才懂得礼节；衣食丰足了，百姓才能分辨荣辱；国君的作为合乎法度，‘六亲’才会得以稳固”“不提倡礼义廉耻，国家就会灭亡。”“国家下达政令就像流水的源头，顺着百姓的心意流下。”所以政令符合下情就容易推行。百姓想要得到的，就给他们；百姓所反对的，就替他们废除。
管仲执政的时候，善于把祸事转化为好事，使失败转化为成功。他重视分别事物的轻重缓急，慎重地权衡事情的利弊得失。齐桓公实际上是怨恨少姬改嫁而向南袭击蔡国，管仲就寻找借口攻打楚国，责备它没有向周王室进贡菁茅。桓公实际上是向北出兵攻打山戎，而管仲就趁机让燕国整顿召公时期的政教。在柯地会盟，桓公想背弃曹沫逼迫他订立的盟约，管仲就顺应形势劝他信守盟约，诸侯们因此归顺齐国。所以说：“懂得给予正是为了取得的道理，这是治理国家的法宝。”
管仲富贵得可以跟国君相比拟，拥有设置华丽的三归台和国君的宴饮设备，齐国人却不认为他奢侈僭越。管仲逝世后，齐国仍遵循他的政策，常常比其它诸侯国强大。此后过了百余年，齐国又出了个晏婴。
晏平仲，名婴，是齐国莱地夷维人。他辅佐了齐灵公、庄公、景公三代国君，由于节约俭仆又努力工作，在齐国受到人们的尊重。他做了齐国宰相，食不兼味，妻妾不穿丝绸衣服。在朝廷上，国君说话涉及到他，就正直地陈述自己的意见；国君的话不涉及他，就正直地去办事。国君能行正道，就顺着他的命令去做，不能行正道时，就对命令斟酌着去办。因此，他在齐灵公、庄公、景公三代，名声显扬于各国诸侯。
越石父是个贤才，因罪被囚禁在牢中。晏子外出，在路上遇到他，就解开乘车左边的马，把他赎出来，用车拉回家。晏子没有向越石父告辞，就走进内室，过了好久没出来，越石父就请求与晏子绝交。晏子大吃一惊，匆忙整理好衣帽道歉说：“我即使说不上善良宽厚，也总算帮助您从困境中解脱出来，您为什么这么快就要求绝交呢？”越石父说：“不是这样的，我听说君子在不了解自己的人那里受到委屈而在了解自己的人面前意志就会得到伸张。当我在囚禁之中，那些人不了解我。你既然已经受到感动而醒悟，把我赎买出来，这就是了解我；了解我却不能以礼相待，还不如在囚禁之中。”于是晏子就请他进屋待为贵宾。
晏子做齐国宰相时，一次坐车外出，车夫的妻子从门缝里偷偷地看她的丈夫。她丈夫替宰相驾车，头上遮着大伞，挥动着鞭子赶着四匹马，神气十足，洋洋得意。不久回到家里，妻子就要求离开，车夫问她离开的原因，妻子说：“晏子身高不过六尺，却做了齐的宰相，名声在各国显扬，我看他外出，志向思想都非常深沉，常有那种甘居人下的态度。现在你身高八尺，才不过做人家的车夫，看你的神态， 却自以为挺满足，因此我要求和你离婚。”从此以后，车夫就谦虚恭谨起来。晏子发现了他的变化，感到很奇怪，就问他，车夫也如实相告。晏子就推荐他做了大夫。
太史公说：我读了管仲的《牧民》《山高》《乘马》《轻重》《九府》，以及《晏子春秋》，这些书上说的太详细了！读了他们的著作，还想让人们了解他们的事迹，所以就依次编写了他们的合传。至于他们的著作，社会上已有很多，因此不再论述，只记载他们的佚事。
管仲是世人所说的贤臣，然而孔子小看他，难道是因为周朝统治衰微，桓公既然贤明，管仲不勉励他实行王道却辅佐他只称霸主吗？古语说：“要顺势助成君主的美德，纠正挽救他的过错，所以君臣百姓之间能亲密无间。”这大概就是说的管仲吧？
当晏子伏在齐庄公尸体上痛哭，尽到哀礼之后才离去，这难道是人们所说的“遇到正义的事情不去做就是没有勇气”的表现吗？至于晏子直言进谏，敢于冒犯国君的威严，这就是人们所说的“在朝就想到竭尽忠心，在野就考虑弥补过失”的人啊！假使晏子还活着，我即使替他挥动着鞭子赶车，也是我非常高兴和十分向往的啊！

英文翻译

The Biographies of Guan Zhong and Yan Ying

Guan Zhong, whose courtesy name was Yiwu, was a native of Yingshang. In his youth, he often associated with Bao Shuya, who recognized his talent and virtue. Guan Zhong was poor and often took advantage of Bao Shuya, but Bao Shuya always treated him well and never complained. Later, Bao Shuya served Prince Xiaobai of Qi, while Guan Zhong served Prince Jiu. After Xiaobai ascended the throne as Duke Huan of Qi and Prince Jiu was killed, Guan Zhong was imprisoned. Bao Shuya then recommended Guan Zhong to Duke Huan. After being employed, Guan Zhong governed Qi and made Duke Huan a hegemon. He united the feudal lords multiple times and rectified the world, all thanks to Guan Zhong's strategies.
Guan Zhong said, "When I was poor, I once did business with Bao Shuya. When dividing the profits, I took more for myself. Bao Shuya didn't think I was greedy but knew that I was poor. Once, I planned something for Bao Shuya, which made him even worse off. Bao Shuya didn't think I was stupid but knew that the timing was unfavorable. I was dismissed by the lords several times when I served as an official. Bao Shuya didn't think I was incompetent but knew that I hadn't encountered the right opportunity. I fled three times in battles. Bao Shuya didn't think I was cowardly but knew that I had an old mother to support. When Prince Jiu was defeated and Zhaohu died for him, I was imprisoned and humiliated. Bao Shuya didn't think I was shameless but knew that I didn't care about small details but was ashamed that my achievements weren't widely recognized. My parents gave birth to me, but Baozi truly understood me."
After Bao Shuya recommended Guan Zhong, he put himself below Guan Zhong. His descendants enjoyed hereditary salaries in Qi for more than ten generations and were mostly famous ministers. Therefore, the world didn't praise Guan Zhong's talent but rather admired Bao Shuya's ability to recognize talents.
After Guan Zhong became the prime minister of Qi, taking advantage of Qi's location by the sea with limited resources, he promoted trade, accumulated wealth, made the country rich and the army strong, and shared the likes and dislikes of the people. So he said in his book Guanzi, "When the granaries are full, the people know about etiquette; when they have enough food and clothing, they know about honor and disgrace. When the ruler follows the proper standards, the six relations are stable. If the four moral principles are not promoted, the country will perish. Issue orders as naturally as water flows from its source, and make the orders conform to the people's will." Therefore, his policies were easy to implement. He gave the people what they wanted and removed what they opposed.
In governance, Guan Zhong was good at turning misfortune into fortune and transforming failure into success. He valued the importance of different matters and carefully weighed the pros and cons. Duke Huan actually resented Lady Xiaojie for remarrying and attacked Cai to the south out of anger. Guan Zhong then found an excuse to attack Chu, blaming it for not paying tribute of the Chu - grass to the Zhou royal court. Duke Huan actually launched a northern expedition against the Rong tribes, and Guan Zhong took the opportunity to order Yan to revive the governance of Duke Zhao. At the meeting in Ke, Duke Huan wanted to break the oath with Cao Mo, but Guan Zhong persuaded him to keep it, and thus the feudal lords turned to Qi. Therefore, it is said, "Knowing that giving is a way of obtaining is the treasure of governance."
Guan Zhong's wealth was comparable to that of the royal family. He had the San Gui (a luxurious platform) and the Fan Dian (a place for holding banquets), but the people of Qi didn't think he was extravagant. After Guan Zhong died, Qi continued to follow his policies and was often stronger than the other feudal states. More than a hundred years later, there was Yan Ying.
Yan Ying, whose courtesy name was Pingzhong, was from Yiwu in Lai. He served Duke Ling, Duke Zhuang, and Duke Jing of Qi and was highly respected in Qi for his thrift and diligence. After becoming the prime minister of Qi, he ate no more than one kind of meat, and his concubines didn't wear silk clothes. In the court, when the duke mentioned him, he spoke straightforwardly; when the duke didn't, he still acted uprightly. When the country was well - governed, he followed the orders; when it wasn't, he carefully considered the orders. Thus, he became famous among the feudal lords for three generations.
Yue Shufu was a talented man who was imprisoned. When Yan Ying went out, he met Yue Shufu on the road. He untied the left horse of his carriage to redeem Yue Shufu and took him home. Without saying a word of thanks, Yan Ying went into the inner room. After a long time, Yue Shufu asked to break off the relationship. Yan Ying was shocked and quickly adjusted his clothes and hat to apologize, saying, "Although I'm not kind - hearted, I've saved you from prison. Why do you ask to break off the relationship so soon?" Yue Shufu said, "No. I've heard that a gentleman is humiliated by those who don't understand him but trusted by those who do. When I was in prison, they didn't understand me. Now that you've redeemed me after being moved, you understand me. If you're unkind to a person who understands you, it's better to be in prison." Then Yan Ying invited him in as an important guest.
When Yan Ying was the prime minister of Qi and went out, his charioteer's wife peeped at her husband through a crack in the door. Her husband, driving the carriage for the prime minister, held a large canopy, whipped four horses, and was very proud of himself. After returning home, his wife asked for a divorce. The husband asked why. The wife said, "Yan Ying is less than six feet tall but serves as the prime minister of Qi and is famous among the feudal lords. Now I see him when he goes out, with deep thoughts and always humble. You are eight feet tall and only a charioteer, yet you're quite satisfied with yourself. That's why I want a divorce." Since then, the charioteer became more modest. Yan Ying found it strange and asked him. The charioteer told the truth, and Yan Ying recommended him as a minister.
Sima Qian said: I've read Guan's Mu Min (Governing the People), Shan Gao (The High Mountains), Cheng Ma (Riding Horses), Qing Zhong (Light and Heavy), Jiu Fu (Nine Treasuries), and Yanzi Chunqiu (The Annals of Yan Ying). Their statements are so detailed. Since I've seen their books, I want to know about their deeds, so I've arranged their biographies together. As for their books, they are widely available in the world, so I won't discuss them here but only their extraordinary deeds.
Guan Zhong is regarded as a wise minister by the world, but Confucius looked down on him. Could it be because when the Zhou dynasty declined and Duke Huan was virtuous, Guan Zhong didn't encourage him to achieve kingship but only made him a hegemon? It is said, "Follow the good and correct the bad, then the ruler and the people can be close." Isn't this what Guan Zhong did?
When Yan Ying wept over Duke Zhuang's body, performed the mourning rites, and then left, wasn't this what is called "not being brave when seeing what is right"? As for his remonstrances, daring to offend the duke's dignity, isn't this what is called "thinking of loyalty when in office and thinking of correcting one's faults when out of office"? If Yan Ying were still alive, I would be willing to hold the reins for him, and I would be very happy and longing for it.

背景补充

创作背景

《管晏列传》是西汉史学家司马迁创作的一篇人物传记，收录于《史记》卷六十二。司马迁生活在西汉武帝时期，当时汉朝国力强盛，但在思想文化领域，儒家思想逐渐占据主导地位。司马迁撰写《史记》的目的是“究天人之际，通古今之变，成一家之言”，他希望通过记录历史人物的事迹，总结历史经验教训，为后人提供借鉴。《管晏列传》所记载的管仲和晏婴都是春秋时期齐国的重要政治家，他们的思想和行为对当时的政治和社会产生了深远影响，司马迁通过对他们事迹的记述，展现了春秋时期的政治风貌和士人的精神品格。

创作意图

• ​弘扬贤能之士​：管仲和晏婴都是历史上著名的贤臣，他们在各自的时期都为国家做出了重要贡献。司马迁通过撰写他们的传记，赞扬了他们的政治才能、道德品质和治国理念，旨在弘扬贤能之士的精神，为后世树立榜样。
• ​探讨治国之道​：管仲和晏婴在治国方面都有独特的见解和方法。管仲主张以法治国，重视经济发展和军事建设；晏婴则强调节俭、爱民和直言进谏。司马迁通过对他们治国方略的记述，探讨了不同治国理念的优劣，为后人提供了思考和借鉴。
• ​展现士人精神​：管仲和晏婴都具有高尚的品德和坚定的信念，他们在面对困难和挫折时，始终坚守自己的原则和理想。司马迁通过描写他们的言行举止，展现了士人的精神风貌和高尚情操，激励后人在困境中不屈不挠，追求真理和正义。

文学影响

• ​人物塑造生动​：司马迁在《管晏列传》中运用了多种手法来塑造人物形象，如通过对话、细节描写等展现人物的性格特点。例如，通过晏婴车夫之妻的故事，生动地刻画了晏婴的谦逊和知人善任；通过越石父与晏婴的交往，表现了晏婴的宽容和识才。这些描写使人物形象栩栩如生，跃然纸上。
• ​叙事结构严谨​：文章采用了总分总的结构，开头总述管仲和晏婴的事迹，中间分别详细叙述他们的事迹和思想，结尾总结他们的贡献和影响。这种结构使文章层次分明，逻辑严密，便于读者理解和接受。
• ​语言简洁流畅​：司马迁的文笔简洁明快，生动形象。他善于用简洁的语言表达复杂的思想和情感，使文章具有很高的艺术感染力。《管晏列传》中的语言不仅准确地传达了历史信息，还具有很强的文学美感。

历史地位

《管晏列传》是《史记》中的经典篇章之一，在中国史学和文学史上都具有重要地位。它不仅是研究春秋时期齐国历史和政治的重要资料，也是中国古代传记文学的典范之作。司马迁通过对管仲和晏婴事迹的记述，展现了春秋时期的社会风貌和士人的精神世界，为后人了解那个时代提供了珍贵的历史画卷。同时，《管晏列传》所体现的史学思想和文学价值，对后世的史学和文学创作产生了深远影响。