陈情表

《陈情表》原文

臣密言：臣以险衅，夙遭闵凶。生孩六月，慈父见背；行年四岁，舅夺母志。祖母刘悯臣孤弱，躬亲抚养。臣少多疾病，九岁不行，零丁孤苦，至于成立。既无伯叔，终鲜兄弟，门衰祚薄，晚有儿息。外无期功强近之亲，内无应门五尺之僮，茕茕孑立，形影相吊。而刘夙婴疾病，常在床蓐，臣侍汤药，未曾废离。
逮奉圣朝，沐浴清化。前太守臣逵察臣孝廉，后刺史臣荣举臣秀才。臣以供养无主，辞不赴命。诏书特下，拜臣郎中，寻蒙国恩，除臣洗马。猥以微贱，当侍东宫，非臣陨首所能上报。臣具以表闻，辞不就职。诏书切峻，责臣逋慢。郡县逼迫，催臣上道；州司临门，急于星火。臣欲奉诏奔驰，则刘病日笃；欲苟顺私情，则告诉不许：臣之进退，实为狼狈。
伏惟圣朝以孝治天下，凡在故老，犹蒙矜育，况臣孤苦，特为尤甚。且臣少仕伪朝，历职郎署，本图宦达，不矜名节。今臣亡国贱俘，至微至陋，过蒙拔擢，宠命优渥，岂敢盘桓，有所希冀。但以刘日薄西山，气息奄奄，人命危浅，朝不虑夕。臣无祖母，无以至今日；祖母无臣，无以终余年。母、孙二人，更相为命，是以区区不能废远。
臣密今年四十有四，祖母刘今年九十有六，是臣尽节于陛下之日长，报养刘之日短也。乌鸟私情，愿乞终养。臣之辛苦，非独蜀之人士及二州牧伯所见明知，皇天后土实所共鉴。愿陛下矜悯愚诚，听臣微志，庶刘侥幸，保卒余年。臣生当陨首，死当结草。臣不胜犬马怖惧之情，谨拜表以闻。

中文翻译

臣李密陈言：我因命运坎坷，很早就遭遇到了不幸。刚出生六个月，父亲就弃我而死去；我四岁的时候，舅父强迫母亲改变了守节的志向。我的祖母刘氏，怜悯我年幼丧父，便亲自抚养。臣小的时候经常生病，九岁时还不能行走。孤独无靠，一直到成人自立。既没有叔叔伯伯，又缺少兄弟，门庭衰微、福分浅薄，很晚才有儿子。在外面没有比较亲近的亲戚，在家里又没有照应门户的童仆，生活孤单没有依靠，只有自己的身体和影子相互安慰。但祖母刘氏又早被疾病缠绕，常年卧床不起，我侍奉她吃饭喝药，从来就没有离开她。
到了晋朝建立，我蒙受着清明的政治教化。先前有名叫逵的太守，察举臣为孝廉，后来又有名叫荣的刺史推举臣为优秀人才。臣因为供奉赡养祖母的事无人承担，辞谢不接受任命。朝廷又特地下了诏书，任命我为郎中，不久又蒙受国家恩命，任命我为太子的侍从。我凭借卑微低贱的身份，担当侍奉太子的职务，这实在不是我杀身所能报答朝廷的。我将以上苦衷上表报告，加以推辞不去就职。但是诏书急切严峻，责备我怠慢不敬。郡县长官催促我立刻上路；州县的长官登门督促，比流星坠落还要急迫。我很想奉旨为皇上奔走效劳，但祖母刘氏的病却一天比一天重；想要姑且顺从自己的私情，但报告申诉不被允许。我是进退两难，十分狼狈。
我想晋朝是用孝道来治理天下的，凡是年老而德高的旧臣，尚且还受到怜悯养育，况且我孤单凄苦的程度更为严重呢。况且我年轻的时候曾经做过蜀汉的官，担任过郎官职务，本来就希望做官显达，并不顾惜名声节操。现在我是一个低贱的亡国俘虏，十分卑微浅陋，受到过分提拔，恩宠优厚，怎敢犹豫不决而有非分的企求呢？只是因为祖母刘氏寿命即将终了，气息微弱，生命垂危，早上不能想到晚上怎样。我如果没有祖母，无法达到今天的地位；祖母如果没有我的照料，也无法度过她的余生。祖孙二人，互相依靠而维持生命，因此我不能废止侍养祖母而远离。
我现在的年龄四十四岁了，祖母现在的年龄九十六岁了，这样看来我在陛下面前尽忠尽节的日子还很长，而在祖母刘氏面前尽孝尽心的日子已经不多了。我怀着乌鸦反哺的私情，乞求能够准许我完成对祖母养老送终的心愿。我的辛酸苦楚，并不仅仅是蜀地的百姓及益州、梁州的长官所能明白知晓的，天地神明，实在也都能明察。希望陛下能怜悯我的诚心，满足我微不足道的心愿，使祖母刘氏能够侥幸地保全她的余生。我活着应当杀身报效朝廷，死了也要结草衔环来报答陛下的恩情。我怀着像犬马一样不胜恐惧的心情，恭敬地呈上此表来使陛下知道这件事。

英文翻译

Your servant Li Mi speaks: I have encountered misfortunes since childhood due to my ill - fated life. When I was only six months old, my father passed away; at the age of four, my uncle forced my mother to change her mind about remaining a widow. My grandmother, Madam Liu, took pity on me as an orphan and personally raised me. I was often sick when I was young and couldn't walk until I was nine years old. I was all alone and helpless until I grew up. I had no uncles or aunts, and few brothers and sisters. My family was in decline and our good fortune was meager. It was very late when I finally had a son. Outside, I had no close relatives; inside, I had no child to answer the door. I was lonely and had only my own shadow for company. Moreover, my grandmother had long been suffering from illness and was bedridden all year round. I attended to her, serving her food and medicine, and never left her side.
When the Jin Dynasty was established, I was blessed with the enlightened governance of the new regime. Previously, a prefect named Kui recommended me as a filial and incorruptible official, and later a governor named Rong recommended me as a talented scholar. Because I had no one to take care of my grandmother, I declined these appointments. Then the imperial court specially issued an edict appointing me as a Langzhong (an official title), and soon after, I was favored by the emperor's grace and appointed as a Xima (a position in the crown prince's residence). How could I, a humble and low - ranking person, be worthy of such an important position? It is not something I could repay with my life. I reported my situation in a memorial, asking to be excused from the appointment. However, the imperial edict was urgent and stern, blaming me for being slow and disrespectful. The county magistrates urged me to set off immediately; the state governors came to my door, more urgent than a shooting star. I really wanted to rush to serve the emperor, but my grandmother's illness was getting worse day by day. If I wanted to follow my personal feelings and stay with her, my plea would not be approved. I was truly in a dilemma.
I think that the Jin Dynasty governs the world with filial piety. Even the old and virtuous officials are still pitied and cared for. How much more so for me, who is so lonely and miserable? Moreover, when I was young, I served in the Shu Han Dynasty and held the position of Langguan (an official position). Originally, I hoped to achieve success in my career and didn't care about my reputation or integrity. Now, I am a lowly captive from a defeated country, extremely humble and insignificant. I have been over - promoted and favored with excessive grace. How dare I hesitate and have improper desires? It's just that my grandmother's life is coming to an end, her breath is faint, and she is in a critical condition. In the morning, I can't be sure what will happen in the evening. Without my grandmother, I wouldn't have reached this position today; without me, my grandmother couldn't have survived her remaining years. My grandmother and I depend on each other for survival, so I simply cannot abandon her and leave.
I am now forty - four years old, and my grandmother is ninety - six. This means that I have a long time to serve Your Majesty with loyalty, but only a short time left to take care of my grandmother. With the affection of a crow feeding its parents, I humbly ask to be allowed to fulfill my wish of taking care of my grandmother until the end of her life. My hardships are not only known to the people of Shu and the governors of Yizhou and Liangzhou, but also clearly seen by heaven and earth. I hope that Your Majesty will pity my sincere heart and grant my simple wish, so that my grandmother can be fortunate enough to live out her remaining years. I am willing to repay Your Majesty with my life when I am alive and with the service of tying up grass to repay a kindness after I die. I am filled with fear and respect like a dog or a horse, and I respectfully present this memorial to make Your Majesty aware of my situation.

背景补充

创作背景

《陈情表》是西晋时期李密写给晋武帝司马炎的奏章。三国时期，蜀汉被曹魏所灭，后来司马氏篡魏建立晋朝，随后晋朝又灭掉东吴，实现了统一。李密原是蜀汉的官员，在蜀汉任职期间，因才学出众而颇有名声。蜀汉灭亡后，晋武帝为了安抚蜀汉旧臣，同时也为了显示新朝的恩德和威望，多次征召李密出仕。
当时，李密的祖母刘氏年事已高，且体弱多病，无人照料。李密自幼由祖母抚养长大，与祖母相依为命，感情深厚。面对晋武帝的征召，李密陷入了两难的境地：如果应召出仕，祖母将无人照顾；如果留在家中奉养祖母，又会违背皇帝的旨意，可能招来杀身之祸。在这种无奈的情况下，李密写下了这篇《陈情表》，向晋武帝陈述自己不能应召的原因，希望能得到皇帝的理解和许可。

创作意图

• ​情感表达​：文章的核心目的是向晋武帝表达自己对祖母的深厚感情以及奉养祖母的责任。李密通过回忆自己与祖母相依为命的经历，如“臣无祖母，无以至今日；祖母无臣，无以终余年”，深刻地表达了他对祖母的感恩之情和不能弃她而去的坚定决心。
• ​表明忠心​：李密并非不想为晋朝效力，他在文中强调“臣密今年四十有四，祖母刘今年九十有六，是臣尽节于陛下之日长，报养刘之日短也”，表明自己并非贪恋禄位，只是暂时需要留下来照顾祖母，待祖母去世后，他仍有足够的时间为皇帝效力，以此来消除晋武帝对他不忠的疑虑。
• ​宣扬孝道​：在儒家思想中，孝道是非常重要的道德准则。李密通过这篇《陈情表》，向世人展示了自己对孝道的坚守，同时也希望借此引起社会对孝道的重视。在西晋时期，统治者倡导以孝治国，李密的这篇文章正好符合当时的社会价值观，也更容易得到皇帝和士大夫阶层的认可。

文学影响

• ​散文典范​：《陈情表》以其真挚的情感、恳切的言辞和严谨的结构，成为中国古代散文的经典之作。它打破了当时骈文盛行的局面，以散句为主，间用骈偶，语言自然流畅，富有感染力。文章在叙事、抒情和说理方面都达到了很高的水平，对后世散文的发展产生了深远的影响。
• ​情感共鸣​：文章中所表达的对亲情的珍视和对命运的无奈，引起了历代读者的广泛共鸣。无论是在封建时代还是现代社会，人们都能从李密的遭遇中感受到亲情的力量和人性的光辉。《陈情表》也因此成为了表达孝道和亲情的经典范文，被广泛传颂和学习。
• ​文化传承​：作为中国传统文化的重要组成部分，《陈情表》体现了中国古代的伦理道德观念和社会价值观。它所倡导的孝道精神，不仅是中华民族的传统美德，也是构建和谐社会的重要基石。通过对《陈情表》的学习和传承，人们可以更好地理解和弘扬中国传统文化。