曹刿论战

《曹刿论战》原文

十年春，齐师伐我。公将战，曹刿请见。其乡人曰：“肉食者谋之，又何间焉？”刿曰：“肉食者鄙，未能远谋。”乃入见。问：“何以战？”公曰：“衣食所安，弗敢专也，必以分人。”对曰：“小惠未遍，民弗从也。”公曰：“牺牲玉帛，弗敢加也，必以信。”对曰：“小信未孚，神弗福也。”公曰：“小大之狱，虽不能察，必以情。”对曰：“忠之属也。可以一战。战则请从。”
公与之乘，战于长勺。公将鼓之。刿曰：“未可。”齐人三鼓。刿曰：“可矣。”齐师败绩。公将驰之。刿曰：“未可。”下视其辙，登轼而望之，曰：“可矣。”遂逐齐师。
既克，公问其故。对曰：“夫战，勇气也。一鼓作气，再而衰，三而竭。彼竭我盈，故克之。夫大国，难测也，惧有伏焉。吾视其辙乱，望其旗靡，故逐之。”

中文翻译

鲁庄公十年的春天，齐国军队攻打鲁国。鲁庄公将要迎战，曹刿请求拜见鲁庄公。他的同乡说：“当权的人自会谋划这件事，你又何必参与呢？”曹刿说：“当权的人目光短浅，不能深谋远虑。”于是入朝去见鲁庄公。曹刿问：“您凭借什么作战？”鲁庄公说：“衣食（这一类）养生的东西，我从来不敢独自专有，一定把它们分给身边的大臣。”曹刿回答说：“这种小恩小惠不能遍及百姓，老百姓是不会顺从您的。”鲁庄公说：“祭祀用的猪牛羊和玉器、丝织品等祭品，我从来不敢虚报夸大数目，一定对上天说实话。”曹刿回答说：“小小信用，不能取得神灵的信任，神灵是不会保佑您的。”鲁庄公说：“大大小小的诉讼案件，即使不能一一明察，但我一定根据实情（合理裁决）。”曹刿回答说：“这才尽了本职一类的事。可以（凭借这个条件）打一仗。如果作战，请允许我跟随您一同去。”
鲁庄公和他共坐一辆战车，在长勺和齐军作战。鲁庄公将要下令击鼓进军。曹刿说：“现在不行。”等到齐军三次击鼓之后。曹刿说：“可以击鼓进军了。”齐军大败。鲁庄公又要下令驾车马追逐齐军。曹刿说：“还不行。”说完就下了战车，察看齐军车轮碾出的痕迹，又登上战车，扶着车前横木远望齐军的队形，这才说：“可以追击了。”于是追击齐军。
打了胜仗后，鲁庄公问他取胜的原因。曹刿回答说：“作战，靠的是士气。第一次击鼓能够振作士兵们的士气，第二次击鼓士兵们的士气就开始低落了，第三次击鼓士兵们的士气就耗尽了。他们的士气已经消失而我军的士气正旺盛，所以才战胜了他们。像齐国这样的大国，他们的情况是难以推测的，怕他们在那里设有伏兵。后来我看到他们的车轮的痕迹混乱了，望见他们的旗帜倒下了，所以下令追击他们。”

英文翻译

In the spring of the tenth year of Duke Zhuang of Lu's reign, the Qi army invaded our state. The duke was about to go into battle, and Cao Gui requested an audience with him. His fellow villagers said, "Those in power will plan for this. Why should you get involved?" Cao Gui replied, "The men in power are shortsighted and lack foresight." So he went to see the duke. He asked, "On what basis can we fight?" The duke replied, "I dare not monopolize the necessities of life such as food and clothing. I will surely share them with my officials." Cao Gui responded, "Such small favors are not widespread enough, and the people will not follow you." The duke said, "I dare not exaggerate the number of sacrificial animals, jade, and silk presented to the gods. I will surely be sincere." Cao Gui replied, "Such minor sincerity does not earn the trust of the gods, and the gods will not bless you." The duke said, "In cases of lawsuits, whether big or small, I may not be able to investigate thoroughly, but I will surely judge according to the facts." Cao Gui replied, "This is a matter of fulfilling your duty. You can fight a battle on this basis. If you go to war, please allow me to follow you."
The duke rode with him in the same chariot and they fought at Changshao. The duke was about to beat the drums to signal the attack. Cao Gui said, "Not yet." After the Qi army had beaten the drums three times, Cao Gui said, "Now is the time." The Qi army was defeated. The duke was about to order his chariot to chase after the Qi army. Cao Gui said, "Not yet." He then got off the chariot, examined the wheel ruts left by the Qi army, climbed onto the chariot, and looked at the Qi army's formation from afar. Only then did he say, "Now we can chase them." So they chased after the Qi army.
After the victory, the duke asked Cao Gui for the reason of their success. Cao Gui replied, "In battle, it is all about morale. The first drumbeat can boost the soldiers' morale, the second drumbeat will make their morale start to decline, and the third drumbeat will exhaust their morale. Their morale is exhausted while ours is high, so we were able to defeat them. A large state like Qi is difficult to predict. I was afraid they had set an ambush. Later, when I saw that their wheel ruts were chaotic and their flags were drooping, I ordered the pursuit."

背景补充

历史背景

春秋时期，诸侯争霸战争不断。各诸侯国为了争夺土地、人口以及对其他诸侯国的支配权，展开了激烈角逐。齐国和鲁国都是当时的重要诸侯国，两国之间存在着复杂的利益关系和矛盾冲突。此次齐国攻打鲁国，是两国之间的一场重要战役，对两国的政治、军事格局产生了深远影响。

人物介绍

• ​曹刿​：鲁国的军事谋士，他具有卓越的军事才能和敏锐的洞察力。在国家面临危机时，他挺身而出，主动请缨参与战争决策，并在战场上展现出非凡的指挥才能，为鲁国的胜利立下了汗马功劳。
• ​鲁庄公​：鲁国的国君，在位期间面临着内忧外患的局面。在长勺之战中，他虽然一开始缺乏军事经验，但在曹刿的辅佐下，最终取得了胜利。他的性格特点是善于纳谏，能够听取他人的意见。

文学价值

• ​高超的叙事技巧​：文章以简洁明了的语言，生动地叙述了长勺之战的全过程。从战前曹刿与鲁庄公的对话，到战场上的具体战斗场面，再到战后的分析总结，层次分明，条理清晰，使读者能够迅速了解事件的全貌。
• ​深刻的思想内涵​：文章通过曹刿与鲁庄公的对话，阐述了战争中“取信于民”和“把握战机”的重要性。这种思想不仅适用于战争领域，对于现代社会的决策和管理也具有重要的启示意义。
• ​鲜明的人物形象塑造​：通过对曹刿和鲁庄公言行的描写，生动地刻画了两个性格鲜明的人物形象。曹刿的深谋远虑、果断勇敢，鲁庄公的虚心纳谏、知人善任都跃然纸上，使读者如见其人、如闻其声。

现实意义

• ​强调民心的重要性​：“取信于民”是战争胜利的基础，也是国家长治久安的关键。在现代社会，政府只有真正关心人民的需求，为人民谋福祉，才能赢得人民的支持和拥护。
• ​注重把握时机​：在竞争激烈的现代社会中，无论是商业竞争还是个人发展，都需要准确把握时机。只有抓住机遇，才能在竞争中脱颖而出，取得成功。