烛之武退秦师

《烛之武退秦师》原文

晋侯、秦伯围郑，以其无礼于晋，且贰于楚也。晋军函陵，秦军氾南。

佚之狐言于郑伯曰：“国危矣，若使烛之武见秦君，师必退。”公从之。辞曰：“臣之壮也，犹不如人；今老矣，无能为也已。”公曰：“吾不能早用子，今急而求子，是寡人之过也。然郑亡，子亦有不利焉！”许之。

夜缒而出，见秦伯，曰：“秦、晋围郑，郑既知亡矣。若亡郑而有益于君，敢以烦执事。越国以鄙远，君知其难也，焉用亡郑以陪邻？邻之厚，君之薄也。若舍郑以为东道主，行李之往来，共其乏困，君亦无所害。且君尝为晋君赐矣，许君焦、瑕，朝济而夕设版焉，君之所知也。夫晋，何厌之有？既东封郑，又欲肆其西封，若不阙秦，将焉取之？阙秦以利晋，唯君图之。”秦伯说，与郑人盟。使杞子、逢孙、杨孙戍之，乃还。

子犯请击之。公曰：“不可。微夫人之力不及此。因人之力而敝之，不仁；失其所与，不知；以乱易整，不武。吾其还也。”亦去之。

中文翻译

晋文公和秦穆公联合围攻郑国，因为郑国曾对晋文公无礼，并且在与晋国结盟的情况下又与楚国结盟。晋军驻扎在函陵，秦军驻扎在氾水的南面。

佚之狐对郑文公说：“国家危险了，假如派烛之武去见秦穆公，秦国的军队一定会撤退。”郑文公同意了。烛之武推辞说：“我壮年的时候，尚且不如别人；现在老了，也不能有什么作为了。”郑文公说：“我没有及早重用您，现在由于情况危急因而求您，这是我的过错。然而郑国灭亡了，对您也不利啊！”烛之武就答应了这件事。

在夜晚（有人）用绳子（将烛之武）从城上放下去，见到了秦穆公，烛之武说：“秦、晋两国围攻郑国，郑国已经知道要灭亡了。假如灭掉郑国对您有好处，怎敢冒昧地拿这件事情来麻烦您。越过邻国把远方的郑国作为（秦国的）东部边邑，您知道这是困难的，（您）为什么要灭掉郑国而给邻国增加土地呢？邻国的势力雄厚了，您秦国的势力也就相对削弱了。如果您放弃围攻郑国而把它当作东方道路上接待过客的主人，出使的人来来往往，（郑国可以随时）供给他们缺少的东西，对您也没有什么害处。而且您曾经给予晋惠公恩惠，惠公曾经答应给您焦、瑕二座城池。（然而）惠公早上渡过黄河回国，晚上就修筑防御工事，这是您知道的。晋国，怎么会满足呢？（现在它）已经在东边使郑国成为它的边境，又想要向西扩大边界。如果不使秦国土地亏损，将从哪里得到（他所奢求的土地）呢？削弱秦国对晋国有利，希望您考虑这件事！”秦穆公很高兴，就与郑国签订了盟约。派遣杞子、逢孙、杨孙戍守郑国，于是秦国就撤军了。

晋大夫子犯请求出兵攻击秦军。晋文公说：“不行！假如没有那个人（秦伯）的力量，我是不会到这个地步的。依靠别人的力量而又反过来损害他，这是不仁义的；失掉自己的同盟者，这是不明智的；用散乱（的局面）代替整齐（的局面），这是不符合武德的。我们还是回去吧！”晋军也就离开了郑国。

英文翻译

Duke Wen of Jin and Duke Mu of Qin besieged Zheng. Because Zheng had been discourteous to Duke Wen of Jin and had formed an alliance with Chu while being in alliance with Jin. The Jin army was stationed in Hanling, and the Qin army was stationed south of the Fan River.

Yi Zhihu said to Duke Wen of Zheng, "The state is in danger. If you send Zhuzhiwu to see Duke Mu of Qin, the Qin army will surely retreat." Duke Wen of Zheng agreed. Zhuzhiwu declined, saying, "When I was young, I was not as capable as others. Now that I am old, I am even less capable." Duke Wen of Zheng said, "I failed to employ you earlier. Now, in a time of crisis, I seek your help. It is my fault. However, if Zheng perishes, it will also be to your disadvantage." Zhuzhiwu then agreed.

At night, he was let down from the city wall by a rope and went to see Duke Mu of Qin. He said, "Qin and Jin are besieging Zheng, and Zheng knows it is doomed. If the destruction of Zheng would benefit you, I would not dare to trouble you with this matter. To cross a state and make a distant Zheng its eastern border is difficult for you. Why would you destroy Zheng to increase the territory of your neighbor? If your neighbor becomes stronger, you will be relatively weakened. If you abandon the siege of Zheng and make it the host of the eastern road, the envoys coming and going will have their needs provided for by Zheng, which will not harm you in any way. Moreover, you once bestowed favors on Duke Hui of Jin, promising him the cities of Jiao and Hua. He crossed the Yellow River in the morning and built defensive fortifications in the evening, which you are well aware of. What satisfaction can Jin have? Now that it has made Zheng its border in the east, it also wants to expand its border to the west. If it does not weaken Qin, where will it get the land? To weaken Qin for the benefit of Jin, you should consider this carefully." Duke Mu of Qin was pleased and made an alliance with the people of Zheng. He sent Qizi, Fengsun, and Yangsun to garrison Zheng, and then the Qin army withdrew.

Zi Fan of Jin requested to attack the Qin army. Duke Wen of Jin said, "No. Without the help of that person (Duke Mu of Qin), I would not have reached this point. To rely on the strength of others and then harm them is unrighteous; to lose one's allies is unwise; to replace order with chaos is contrary to the principles of war. Let us retreat." So the Jin army also left Zheng.

背景补充

历史背景

春秋时期，诸侯争霸战争不断。各诸侯国为了争夺土地、人口以及对其他诸侯国的支配权，展开了激烈角逐。当时，秦国和晋国是两个强大的诸侯国，它们之间既有合作又有竞争。郑国是一个地理位置重要的小国，位于中原地区的中心地带，是秦国和晋国东进的重要通道。

事件起因

晋文公重耳流亡到郑国时，受到郑文公的冷遇。后来，晋文公回国执政后，为了报复郑国，同时也为了扩大自己的势力范围，便联合秦穆公共同出兵围攻郑国。郑国向秦国求和，于是便有了烛之武退秦师这一事件。

人物介绍

• ​烛之武​：郑国的大夫，他虽然年轻时未得到重用，但具有卓越的政治远见和外交才能。在这次危机中，他临危受命，凭借自己的智慧和口才，成功地说服了秦穆公退兵，解除了郑国的危机。
• ​晋文公​：春秋五霸之一，他是一位有雄才大略的政治家和军事家。在流亡期间，他积累了丰富的政治经验和人脉资源。回国后，他积极推行改革，使晋国逐渐强大起来。此次联合秦国围攻郑国，一方面是为了报复郑国，另一方面也是为了进一步扩张自己的势力。
• ​秦穆公​：春秋时期秦国的国君，他也是一个有远见卓识的君主。他重视发展秦国的实力，积极对外扩张。在与晋国的关系上，他时而与晋国合作，时而又与晋国产生矛盾。在这次事件中，他被烛之武说服，最终撤军。

文学价值

• ​鲜明的人物形象塑造​：通过对烛之武、晋文公、秦穆公等人物的言行、心理活动的描写，生动地刻画了他们的性格特点。烛之武的机智勇敢、能言善辩，晋文公的理智果断、深谋远虑，秦穆公的权衡利弊、善于纳谏都跃然纸上，使读者如见其人、如闻其声。
• ​巧妙的情节安排​：文章情节紧凑，跌宕起伏。从郑国危在旦夕，到烛之武临危受命，再到他成功说服秦穆公退兵，最后晋文公也无奈撤军，整个故事充满了戏剧性和张力，让读者始终保持着浓厚的阅读兴趣。
• ​深刻的思想内涵​：文章蕴含了丰富的外交智慧和政治谋略。它告诉人们，在处理国际关系时，要善于运用外交手段，通过谈判、协商等方式解决问题，避免不必要的战争和冲突。同时，也强调了人才的重要性，一个国家要想在激烈的竞争中立于不败之地，就必须重视人才的选拔和使用。