冯谖客孟尝君

《冯谖客孟尝君》原文

齐人有冯谖者，贫乏不能自存，使人属孟尝君，愿寄食门下。孟尝君曰：“客何好？”曰：“客无好也。”曰：“客何能？”曰：“客无能也。”孟尝君笑而受之曰：“诺。”
左右以君贱之也，食以草具。居有顷，倚柱弹其剑，歌曰：“长铗归来乎！食无鱼。”左右以告。孟尝君曰：“食之，比门下之客。”居有顷，复弹其铗，歌曰：“长铗归来乎！出无车。”左右皆笑之，以告。孟尝君曰：“为之驾，比门下之车客。”于是乘其车，揭其剑，过其友曰：“孟尝君客我。”后有顷，复弹其剑铗，歌曰：“长铗归来乎！无以为家。”左右皆恶之，以为贪而不知足。孟尝君问：“冯公有亲乎？”对曰，“有老母。”孟尝君使人给其食用，无使乏。于是冯谖不复歌。
后孟尝君出记，问门下诸客：“谁习计会，能为文收责于薛者乎？”冯谖署曰：“能。”孟尝君怪之，曰：“此谁也？”左右曰：“乃歌夫‘长铗归来’者也。”孟尝君笑曰：“客果有能也，吾负之，未尝见也。”请而见之，谢曰：“文倦于事，愦于忧，而性懧愚，沉于国家之事，开罪于先生。先生不羞，乃有意欲为收责于薛乎？”冯谖曰：“愿之。”于是约车治装，载券契而行，辞曰：“责毕收，以何市而反？”孟尝君曰：“视吾家所寡有者。”
驱而之薛，使吏召诸民当偿者，悉来合券。券遍合，起矫命，以责赐诸民。因烧其券。民称万岁。
长驱到齐，晨而求见。孟尝君怪其疾也，衣冠而见之，曰：“责毕收乎？来何疾也！”曰：“收毕矣。”“以何市而反？”冯谖曰；“君云‘视吾家所寡有者’。臣窃计，君宫中积珍宝，狗马实外厩，美人充下陈。君家所寡有者，以义耳！窃以为君市义。”孟尝君曰：“市义奈何？”曰：“今君有区区之薛，不拊爱子其民，因而贾利之。臣窃矫君命，以责赐诸民，因烧其券，民称万岁。乃臣所以为君市义也。”孟尝君不悦，曰：“诺，先生休矣！”
后期年，齐王谓孟尝君曰：“寡人不敢以先王之臣为臣。”孟尝君就国于薛，未至百里，民扶老携幼，迎君道中。孟尝君顾谓冯谖曰：“先生所为文市义者，乃今日见之。”
冯谖曰：“狡兔有三窟，仅得免其死耳；今君有一窟，未得高枕而卧也。请为君复凿二窟。”孟尝君予车五十乘，金五百斤，西游于梁，谓惠王曰：“齐放其大臣孟尝君于诸侯，诸侯先迎之者，富而兵强。”于是梁王虚上位，以故相为上将军，遣使者黄金千斤，车百乘，往聘孟尝君。冯谖先驱，诫孟尝君曰：“千金，重币也；百乘，显使也。齐其闻之矣。”梁使三反，孟尝君固辞不往也。
齐王闻之，君臣恐惧，遣太傅赍黄金千斤、文车二驷、服剑一，封书，谢孟尝君曰：“寡人不祥，被于宗庙之祟，沉于谄谀之臣，开罪于君。寡人不足为也；愿君顾先王之宗庙，姑反国统万人乎！”冯谖诫孟尝君曰：“愿请先王之祭器，立宗社而立之。”孟尝君许之。冯谖受命，缮宗庙，然后归报孟尝君。孟尝君乃还国，复其相位，而封其地五百户，以谢民悦。冯谖之计也。

中文翻译

齐国有个名叫冯谖的人，穷得没法养活自己，就托人告诉孟尝君，愿意到他的门下做食客。孟尝君问：“客人有什么爱好？”回答说：“客人没有什么爱好。”又问：“客人有什么才能？”回答说：“客人没有什么才能。”孟尝君笑着接受了他，说：“好吧。”
孟尝君身边的办事人员因为孟尝君看不起他，便拿粗劣的饭菜给他吃。过了不久，冯谖靠着柱子弹他的剑，唱道：“长铗啊，回去吧！吃饭没有鱼。”办事人员把这情况告诉孟尝君，孟尝君说：“给他鱼吃，按照门下吃鱼的客人的待遇。”过了不久，（冯谖）又弹着他的剑，唱道：“长铗啊，回去吧！出门没有车。”办事人员都笑话他，并把这事报告给孟尝君。孟尝君说：“给他准备车，按照门下乘车客人的待遇。”于是他驾着车，举着剑，到朋友家去说：“孟尝君把我当作客人看待了。”后来过了一段时间，（冯谖）又弹着他的剑，唱道：“长铗啊，回去吧！没有办法养家。”办事人员都厌恶他，认为他一味贪求不知满足。孟尝君问道：“冯先生有父母吗？”答道：“有个老母亲。”孟尝君派人供给冯谖母亲吃用，不使她缺少什么。于是冯谖不再唱歌了。
后来孟尝君出了个通告，询问家里的食客们：“谁熟悉会计工作，能替我到薛邑去收债么？”冯谖在通告上签名，写道：“我能。”孟尝君看了感到奇怪，说：“这签名的是谁呀？”左右的人说：“就是唱那‘长铗啊，回去吧’的人。”孟尝君笑着说：“客人果真有才能啊，我对不起他，一直还没见过面呢。”于是请他来相见，向他道歉说：“我被一些琐事搞得很疲劳，被忧患缠得心烦意乱，而且生性懦弱愚笨，埋头在国家的事务中，得罪了先生。先生不以我的过失为羞耻，还有意替我到薛邑去收债么？”冯谖说：“愿意前往。”于是套好车马，整理行装，带上债券契约出发，告辞时问道：“收完债，买些什么回来？”孟尝君说：“看我家里缺少什么就买什么。”
冯谖赶着车到了薛邑，派官吏召集那些应当还债的百姓都来核对债券。债券全部核对过，冯谖站起来，假托孟尝君的命令，把债款赏赐给百姓，于是烧掉了那些债券。百姓们欢呼万岁。
冯谖一直不停地赶车回到齐国都城，大清早就求见孟尝君。孟尝君对他回得这么快感到奇怪，穿戴整齐来接见他，问道：“债都收完了吗？怎么回来得这么快呀？”答道：“收完了。”“买什么东西回来了？”冯谖说：“您说‘看我家里缺少什么就买什么’。我私下考虑，您宫里堆积着珍宝，猎狗和骏马充满了牲口圈，美女站满了堂下。您家里缺少的东西，只有义罢了！我私自作主为您买了义。”孟尝君问：“买义是怎么回事？”答道：“现在您有个小小的薛邑，不把那里的百姓当作自己的子女一样抚爱，却还要用商贾的手段向他们谋取私利。我已私自假托您的命令，把债款赐给那些百姓，并烧掉了债券，百姓们都欢呼万岁。这就是我给您买义的做法。”孟尝君不高兴，说：“好吧，先生算了吧！”
过了一年，齐王对孟尝君说：“我不敢把先王的臣子作为我的臣子。”孟尝君只好到他的封地薛邑去。离薛邑还有一百里路，百姓们扶老携幼，在路上迎接孟尝君。孟尝君回头看着冯谖说：“先生为我买的义，今天才见到作用了。”
冯谖说：“狡猾的兔子有三个洞穴，仅能避免死亡；现在您只有一个洞穴，还不能高枕无忧。请让我为您再凿两个洞穴。”孟尝君给了他五十辆车，五百斤黄金。冯谖往西到梁国去游说，对梁惠王说：“齐国把它的大臣孟尝君放逐到诸侯国去了，首先迎接他的诸侯，就会国富兵强。”于是梁惠王把相位空出来，把原来的相国调任大将军，并派遣使者带着一千斤黄金，一百辆车，去聘请孟尝君。冯谖先赶车回去，告诫孟尝君说：“千斤黄金，是极贵重的聘礼；百辆车子，是显贵的使节。齐国大概听到这消息了。”梁国的使者往返三次，孟尝君坚决推辞不去。
齐王听到这些情况，君臣都惊慌害怕起来，就派遣太傅送了一千斤黄金、两辆彩车、一把佩剑（给孟尝君）。封好书信向孟尝君道歉说：“我很倒霉，遭受祖宗降下的灾祸，又被那些逢迎讨好的臣子所迷惑，得罪了您。我是不值得您帮助的；希望您顾念先王的宗庙，姑且回到国都来统率百姓吧！”冯谖告诫孟尝君说：“希望您向齐王请求先王传下来的祭器，在薛建立宗庙。”孟尝君答应了。冯谖去齐国报告执行情况，在宗庙建成后回来向孟尝君复命。孟尝君才回到国都，重新担任相国，把薛地封给他五百户人家，用来酬谢百姓的拥戴。这是冯谖的计谋造成的结果。

英文翻译

In the State of Qi, there was a man named Feng Xuan. He was so poor that he could not support himself, so he asked someone to tell Lord Mengchang that he wished to become a retainer in his household and be provided with food. Lord Mengchang asked, "What are your hobbies?" Feng Xuan replied, "I have no hobbies." Then Lord Mengchang asked, "What are your skills?" Feng Xuan answered, "I have no skills." Lord Mengchang smiled and accepted him, saying, "All right."
The attendants around Lord Mengchang, thinking that their lord looked down upon Feng Xuan, served him with coarse food. After a while, Feng Xuan leaned against a pillar and played with his sword, singing, "Oh, long sword! Let's go back! There is no fish to eat." The attendants reported this to Lord Mengchang. Lord Mengchang said, "Give him fish to eat and treat him the same as the other retainers who are entitled to fish." After a while, Feng Xuan played with his sword again and sang, "Oh, long sword! Let's go back! There is no carriage to ride when going out." The attendants all laughed at him and reported this to Lord Mengchang. Lord Mengchang said, "Provide him with a carriage and treat him the same as the other retainers who are entitled to a carriage." So Feng Xuan drove his carriage, held up his sword, and went to visit his friend, saying, "Lord Mengchang treats me as a guest now." Later, after some time, Feng Xuan played with his sword again and sang, "Oh, long sword! Let's go back! There is nothing to support my family." The attendants all disliked him, thinking that he was greedy and never satisfied. Lord Mengchang asked, "Does Feng have any parents?" The answer was, "He has an old mother." Lord Mengchang sent someone to provide food and necessities for Feng Xuan's mother so that she would not lack anything. Since then, Feng Xuan stopped singing.
Later, Lord Mengchang issued a notice asking the retainers in his household, "Who is familiar with accounting and can go to Xue (a fief of Lord Mengchang) to collect debts for me?" Feng Xuan signed his name on the notice, writing, "I can." Lord Mengchang was surprised and said, "Who is this person who signed?" The attendants replied, "It is the one who sang 'Oh, long sword! Let's go back!'" Lord Mengchang smiled and said, "The guest really has talents. I have wronged him and have not met him yet." So he invited Feng Xuan to see him and apologized, saying, "I have been very busy with various affairs and troubled by worries. Moreover, I am naturally timid and stupid, and I have been deeply involved in national affairs, thus offending you. You are so generous not to take my fault to heart and are still willing to go to Xue to collect debts for me?" Feng Xuan said, "I am willing to go." Then he prepared the carriage and packed his things, took the bond certificates, and set off. Before leaving, he asked, "What should I buy when I have collected all the debts?" Lord Mengchang said, "Buy whatever is lacking in my house."
Feng Xuan drove to Xue and summoned all the debtors to come and verify the bonds. After verifying all the bonds, he stood up, falsely claimed Lord Mengchang's order, and forgave the debts of the people, then burned the bond certificates. The people cheered and shouted long live.
Feng Xuan hurried back to the capital of Qi without stopping. Early in the morning, he went to see Lord Mengchang. Lord Mengchang was surprised at his quick return and dressed formally to meet him. He asked, "Have you collected all the debts? Why did you come back so quickly?" Feng Xuan replied, "All collected." "What did you buy?" Feng Xuan said, "You said 'buy whatever is lacking in my house.' I secretly thought that your palace is full of treasures, your kennels are filled with hunting dogs and fine horses, and your lower hall is crowded with beautiful women. What is lacking in your house is righteousness! So I took the liberty of buying righteousness for you." Lord Mengchang asked, "What does it mean to buy righteousness?" Feng Xuan replied, "Now you have a small fief of Xue. You don't treat the people there as your own children but still try to profit from them like a merchant. I have falsely claimed your order, forgiven the debts of the people, and burned the bond certificates. The people are cheering long live. This is how I bought righteousness for you." Lord Mengchang was not pleased and said, "All right, sir. That's enough!"
A year later, the King of Qi said to Lord Mengchang, "I dare not regard the ministers of my deceased father as my own ministers." Lord Mengchang had no choice but to go to his fief of Xue. When he was still a hundred li away from Xue, the people supported the old and carried the young to welcome him on the way. Lord Mengchang turned to Feng Xuan and said, "Sir, the righteousness you bought for me is now evident."
Feng Xuan said, "A cunning rabbit has three burrows, and it can barely avoid death. Now you only have one burrow, and you cannot yet rest easy. Please let me dig two more burrows for you." Lord Mengchang gave him fifty carriages and five hundred jin of gold. Feng Xuan went west to the State of Liang and said to King Hui of Liang, "The State of Qi has exiled its great minister, Lord Mengchang, to the other states. The first state to welcome him will become rich and powerful." So King Hui of Liang left the position of prime minister vacant, appointed the former prime minister as the general, and sent messengers with a thousand jin of gold and a hundred carriages to invite Lord Mengchang. Feng Xuan went ahead and warned Lord Mengchang, "A thousand jin of gold is a heavy bribe, and a hundred carriages are a prestigious envoy. The State of Qi must have heard about it." The messengers from Liang came back and forth three times, but Lord Mengchang firmly refused to go.
When the King of Qi heard about this, he and his ministers were frightened. They sent the Grand Tutor with a thousand jin of gold, two decorated carriages, and a sword, and sealed a letter to apologize to Lord Mengchang, saying, "I am unfortunate and have suffered the calamity of my ancestors. I have been deceived by those flattering ministers and have offended you. I am not worthy of your help. I hope you will consider the ancestral temple of the former king and return to the capital to rule the people!" Feng Xuan warned Lord Mengchang, "I hope you will ask the King of Qi for the sacrificial vessels of the former king and establish an ancestral temple in Xue." Lord Mengchang agreed. Feng Xuan accepted the order, repaired the ancestral temple, and then returned to report to Lord Mengchang. Only then did Lord Mengchang return to the capital, resume his position as prime minister, and grant five hundred households in Xue to thank the people for their support. This was all part of Feng Xuan's plan.

背景补充

历史背景

战国时期，各国之间纷争不断，政治局势复杂多变。各诸侯国为了在激烈的竞争中生存和发展，纷纷招揽人才，养士之风盛行。孟尝君田文是齐国的贵族，以广纳贤才、礼贤下士而闻名，门下食客众多。当时，齐国国内政治斗争激烈，孟尝君在朝廷中的地位也受到了一定的威胁。同时，各诸侯国之间相互攻伐、联盟，局势变幻莫测，这为冯谖为孟尝君出谋划策提供了广阔的政治舞台。

人物介绍

• ​孟尝君​：即田文，战国时期齐国贵族，齐威王田因齐之孙，靖郭君田婴之子。他以好客养士、广纳贤才而闻名于世，门下有食客数千人。孟尝君在齐国政治舞台上扮演着重要角色，但由于齐王的猜忌和其他政治因素的影响，他的政治生涯也充满了波折。
• ​冯谖​：齐国人，孟尝君的门客。他起初看似平庸无能，但实则是一个有远见卓识、足智多谋的人。他为孟尝君出谋划策，通过一系列的政治手段，为孟尝君巩固了政治地位，使其在齐国的政治舞台上得以长期立足。

文学价值

• ​鲜明的人物形象塑造​：通过对冯谖和孟尝君言行的细致描写，生动地刻画了两个性格鲜明的人物形象。冯谖的机智、果敢、有谋略，孟尝君的宽容、礼贤下士但又有些优柔寡断，都跃然纸上，使读者如见其人、如闻其声。
• ​巧妙的情节安排​：文章情节跌宕起伏，引人入胜。从冯谖初到孟尝君门下时的不受重视，到后来他主动请缨去薛地收债，再到他巧妙地为孟尝君“市义”、凿“三窟”，情节环环相扣，充满了戏剧性和张力，让读者始终保持着浓厚的阅读兴趣。
• ​深刻的思想内涵​：故事蕴含了丰富的人生哲理和政治智慧。它告诉人们，在复杂的社会环境中，要有长远的眼光和谋略，善于把握机遇，为自己创造有利的条件。同时，也强调了得民心的重要性，只有赢得百姓的支持和拥护，才能在政治上立于不败之地。