邹忌讽齐王纳谏

《邹忌讽齐王纳谏》原文

邹忌修八尺有余，而形貌昳丽。朝服衣冠，窥镜，谓其妻曰：“我孰与城北徐公美？”其妻曰：“君美甚，徐公何能及君也？”城北徐公，齐国之美丽者也。忌不自信，而复问其妾曰：“吾孰与徐公美？”妾曰：“徐公何能及君也？”旦日，客从外来，与坐谈，问之客曰：“吾与徐公孰美？”客曰：“徐公不若君之美也。”明日徐公来，孰视之，自以为不如；窥镜而自视，又弗如远甚。暮寝而思之，曰：“吾妻之美我者，私我也；妾之美我者，畏我也；客之美我者，欲有求于我也。”
于是入朝见威王，曰：“臣诚知不如徐公美。臣之妻私臣，臣之妾畏臣，臣之客欲有求于臣，皆以美于徐公。今齐地方千里，百二十城，宫妇左右莫不私王，朝廷之臣莫不畏王，四境之内莫不有求于王：由此观之，王之蔽甚矣。”
王曰：“善。”乃下令：“群臣吏民能面刺寡人之过者，受上赏；上书谏寡人者，受中赏；能谤讥于市朝，闻寡人之耳者，受下赏。”令初下，群臣进谏，门庭若市；数月之后，时时而间进；期年之后，虽欲言，无可进者。燕、赵、韩、魏闻之，皆朝于齐。此所谓战胜于朝廷。

中文翻译

邹忌身高八尺多，而且身材魁梧，容貌美丽。（有一天）早晨（他）穿好衣服戴好帽子，照镜子，对他的妻子说：“我与城北徐公相比，哪一个美？”他的妻子说：“您美极了，徐公哪里能比得上您呢？”城北的徐公，是齐国的美男子。邹忌不相信自己（会比徐公美），于是又问他的妾说：“我与徐公相比谁更美？”妾说：“徐公哪里能比得上您呢！”第二天，一位客人从外面来（拜访），邹忌与他坐着闲谈。（邹忌）问客人说：“我和徐公谁更美？”客人说：“徐公不如您美啊。”第二天，徐公来了，邹忌仔细地端详他，自己认为不如（徐公美）；再照着镜子看看自己，更觉得远远比不上人家。晚上，他躺在床上想这件事，说：“我的妻子认为我美的原因，是偏爱我；妾认为我美的原因，是惧怕我；客人认为我美的原因，是想有求于我。”
因此邹忌上朝拜见齐威王，说：“我确实知道（自己）不如徐公美。（可是）我的妻子偏爱我，我的妾惧怕我，我的客人对我有所求，所以（他们）都认为我比徐公美。如今的齐国，土地方圆千里，有一百二十座城池，宫中的妃子及身边的侍从，没有不偏爱大王的，朝中的大臣，没有人不惧怕您的，国内的百姓，没有不对大王有所求的。由此看来，大王受蒙蔽（一定）很深了！”
齐威王说：“好！”于是就下了命令：“大小的官吏，大臣和百姓们，能够当面批评我的过错的人，给予上等奖赏；上书直言规劝我的人，给予中等奖赏；能够在众人集聚的公共场所指责议论我的过失，并传到我耳朵里的人，给予下等奖赏。”命令刚下达，许多大臣都来进献谏言，宫门和庭院像集市一样热闹；几个月以后，还不时地有人偶尔进谏；满一年以后，即使有人想进谏，也没有什么可说的了。燕、赵、韩、魏等国听说了这件事，都到齐国朝拜齐威王。这就是身居朝廷，不必用兵就战胜了敌国。

英文翻译

Zou Ji was more than eight feet tall and had a handsome appearance. One morning, after he dressed in his official robe and hat and looked in the mirror, he asked his wife, "Who is more handsome, me or Xu Gong from the north of the city?" His wife replied, "You are much more handsome. How could Xu Gong compare with you?" Xu Gong from the north of the city was known as a handsome man in the State of Qi. Zou Ji didn't believe himself, so he asked his concubine, "Who is more handsome, me or Xu Gong?" The concubine said, "How could Xu Gong compare with you?" The next day, a guest came from outside. After sitting and talking with him, Zou Ji asked the guest, "Who is more handsome, me or Xu Gong?" The guest replied, "Xu Gong is not as handsome as you."
The next day, Xu Gong came. Zou Ji carefully observed him and thought that he was not as handsome as Xu Gong. Then he looked at himself in the mirror again and found that he was far less handsome than Xu Gong. In the evening, when he lay in bed thinking about it, he said, "My wife thinks I'm handsome because she loves me; my concubine thinks I'm handsome because she is afraid of me; the guest thinks I'm handsome because he wants something from me."
Then Zou Ji went to court and saw King Wei. He said, "I truly know that I'm not as handsome as Xu Gong. My wife loves me, my concubine is afraid of me, and the guest wants something from me, so they all think I'm more handsome than Xu Gong. Now, the territory of Qi is a thousand square li, with 120 cities. The palace women and the attendants around you all love Your Majesty; the court officials all fear Your Majesty; and all the people within the four borders all have requests of Your Majesty. From this, it can be seen that Your Majesty is very much deceived."
The king said, "Good." Then he issued an order: "Any official, commoner, or soldier who dares to point out my faults to my face will receive the highest reward; those who write to remonstrate with me will receive a middle - level reward; and those who criticize me in the market or in public places and whose words reach my ears will receive the lowest reward." As soon as the order was issued, many officials came forward to offer advice, and the court was as bustling as a marketplace. After several months, people still came to offer advice occasionally. After a year, even if they wanted to say something, there was nothing left to say. When the states of Yan, Zhao, Han, and Wei heard about this, they all paid homage to King Wei of Qi. This is what is called defeating the enemy without fighting on the battlefield.

背景补充

历史背景

战国时期，各诸侯国之间纷争不断，战争频繁。各国为了在激烈的竞争中生存和发展，纷纷进行改革，招揽人才，富国强兵。齐国是当时的一个大国，在齐威王统治时期，齐国面临着内忧外患的局面。国内政治上存在一些问题，如官员贪污腐败、阿谀奉承之风盛行；外部则受到其他诸侯国的威胁和挑战。齐威王意识到要想使齐国强大起来，必须广开言路，听取不同的意见，进行政治改革。

邹忌其人

邹忌是战国时期齐国的谋士，以善于讽谏而闻名。他身材高大，容貌俊美，不仅外表出众，而且有很高的智慧和政治才能。他深知齐威王的为人，也了解当时齐国存在的问题，因此通过自己的亲身经历，巧妙地向齐威王进谏，最终成功地让齐威王接受了他的建议，开启了齐国的改革之路。

文学价值

• ​巧妙的讽谏艺术​：邹忌没有直接批评齐威王受蒙蔽，而是通过讲述自己与徐公比美的亲身经历，以小见大，由己及人，委婉地指出齐威王受蒙蔽的程度之深。这种讽谏方式既避免了直接批评可能引起的不满和抵触，又能让齐威王深刻认识到问题的严重性，体现了高超的语言艺术和沟通技巧。
• ​生动的情节描写​：文章通过对邹忌与妻子、妾、客的对话以及邹忌照镜自比等情节的描写，生动地展现了人物的心理活动和性格特点。同时，对齐威王纳谏后朝廷内外变化的描写，也使文章情节丰富，富有戏剧性。
• ​深刻的思想内涵​：文章揭示了人们在认识事物时容易受到主观因素影响的道理，强调了广开言路、听取不同意见的重要性。这对于后世的统治者和领导者具有重要的启示意义，提醒他们要保持清醒的头脑，虚心接受他人的意见和建议，避免被蒙蔽和误导。