与陈伯之书

《与陈伯之书》原文

迟顿首陈将军足下无恙，幸甚，幸甚！将军勇冠三军，才为世出，弃燕雀之小志，慕鸿鹄以高翔！昔因机变化，遭遇明主，立功立事，开国称孤。朱轮华毂，拥旄万里，何其壮也！如何一旦为奔亡之虏，闻鸣镝而股战，对穹庐以屈膝，又何劣邪！
寻君去就之际，非有他故，直以不能内审诸己，外受流言，沈迷猖蹶，以至于此。圣朝赦罪责功，弃瑕录用，推赤心于天下，安反侧于万物。将军之所知，不假仆一二谈也。朱鲔涉血于友于，张绣剚刃於爱子，汉主不以为疑，魏君待之若旧。况将军无昔人之罪，而勋重于当世！夫迷途知返，往哲是与，不远而复，先典攸高。主上屈法申恩，吞舟是漏；将军松柏之姿，经霜犹茂。人情孰不贪生畏死，念父母裹骸，诚知不免，然怯夫慕义，何处不勉焉！仆愿将军孰计而身行之，当皓首之暮年，托欢于桑榆之末景，洎乎东山，实深幸也。
今功臣名将，雁行有序，佩紫怀黄，赞帷幄之谋，乘轺建节，奉疆埸之任，并刑马作誓，传之子孙。将军独腼颜借命，驱驰毡裘之长，宁不哀哉！
夫以慕容超之强，身送东市；姚泓之盛，面缚西都。故知霜露所均，不育异类；姬汉旧邦，无取杂种。北虏僭盗中原，多历年所，恶积祸盈，理至燋烂。况伪嬖昏狡，自相夷戮，部落携离，酋豪猜贰。方当系颈蛮邸，悬首藁街，而将军鱼游于沸鼎之中，燕巢于飞幕之上，不亦惑乎？
暮春三月，江南草长，杂花生树，群莺乱飞。见故国之旗鼓，感平生于畴日，抚弦登陴，岂不怆悢！
所以廉公之思赵将，吴子之泣西河，人之情也，将军独无情哉？想早励良规，自求多福。
当今皇帝盛明，天下安乐。白环西献，楛矢东来；夜郎滇池，解辫请职；朝鲜昌海，蹶角受化。唯北狄野心，掘强沙塞之间，欲延岁月之命耳！中军临川殿下，明德茂亲，揔兹戎重，吊民洛汭，伐罪秦中，若遂不改，方思仆言。聊布往怀，君其详之。丘迟顿首。

中文翻译

迟顿首启：陈将军足下，别来无恙，幸甚幸甚！将军您勇猛盖世，才能出众，本应心怀大志，像鸿鹄一样高飞远举，却为何抛弃了燕雀般的小志向，偏偏去羡慕那些志向高远的人呢？从前您凭借着机遇和自身的变化，遇到了贤明的君主，建立了功勋事业，开国称王。那时您乘坐着装饰华丽的马车，拥有着显赫的地位，统率着千军万马，何等的威风啊！可如今怎么一下子就成了逃亡的俘虏，听到敌人的弓箭声就吓得两腿发抖，对着敌人的营帐就卑躬屈膝，这是多么的卑劣啊！
回想您当初选择去留的时候，并不是有什么别的原因，只是因为不能自我反省，又听信了别人的流言蜚语，才陷入了迷途，以至于落到今天这个地步。如今圣明的朝廷赦免罪过，只看功劳，不计前嫌，以赤诚之心对待天下人，安抚那些心怀不安的人。这些情况，将军您是知道的，我就不用再多说了。当年朱鲔曾参与杀害汉光武帝的兄长刘演，张绣也曾杀死曹操的爱子曹昂，但汉光武帝和魏武帝都没有因此对他们产生怀疑，反而像对待旧臣一样对待他们。更何况将军您并没有像他们那样的罪过，而且您的功劳比当时的人还要大呢！迷途知返，是古代圣贤所赞许的；改过自新，是古代典籍所推崇的。主上放宽法律，施以恩德，连吞舟的大鱼都能漏网；将军您有着如松柏般坚贞的品格，即使经历霜雪的考验，依然茂盛。人谁能不怕死呢？但想到父母埋葬在故乡，如果确实无法避免一死，那么即使是怯懦的人，也会因仰慕正义而努力求生啊！我希望将军您能仔细考虑，亲身践行，等到头发变白，在晚年时能享受天伦之乐，安度晚年。如果能回到东山，那实在是太幸运了。
如今功臣名将，都按次序排列，佩戴着紫绶金印，参与谋划国家大事，乘坐着轻便的车子，手持符节，担任边疆的重任，并且杀马盟誓，要把这些功绩传给子孙后代。而将军您却厚着脸皮苟且偷生，屈身侍奉异族的君主，难道不感到悲哀吗？
像慕容超那样强大，最终还是被送到东市问斩；姚泓那样兴盛，也面缚投降到了西都。由此可知，霜露覆盖的地方，不会孕育出不同种族的人；姬姓和汉朝的旧邦，不会容纳杂种。北方的胡虏在中原地区僭越称帝，已经有很多年了，他们的罪恶积累得太多，灾祸也满盈了，按道理应该灭亡。何况他们的宠臣昏庸狡诈，自相残杀，部落之间离心离德，首领们也互相猜忌。他们正应该被绑着脖子送到蛮夷的馆舍，把头颅悬挂在长安的藁街上示众。而将军您却像鱼在开水锅里游动，燕子在飘动的帷幕上筑巢一样，这不是太糊涂了吗？
暮春三月，江南的草长得很茂盛，各种野花竞相开放，成群的黄莺在枝头飞舞。看到故乡的旗帜和战鼓，回忆起过去的时光，抚摸着琴弦登上城墙，怎能不让人感到悲伤呢！
当年廉颇思念赵国的将位，吴起为离开西河而哭泣，这是人之常情啊，难道将军您就没有感情吗？希望您能早日振奋精神，自己谋求幸福。
当今皇帝圣明，天下太平安乐。西域各国进献白玉环，东北少数民族送来楛木箭；夜郎、滇池等地的少数民族解开发髻，请求归附；朝鲜、昌海等地的人也纷纷前来归顺。只有北方的胡虏野心勃勃，在沙漠边塞之间顽固抵抗，只是想苟延残喘罢了！中军将军临川王萧宏殿下，品德高尚，是皇室至亲，总领军事重任，他到洛水之滨安抚百姓，在秦中地区讨伐罪人。如果将军您还不改变态度，我就要想起我说过的话了。姑且把我以前的心意表达出来，希望您能仔细考虑。丘迟顿首。

英文翻译

Chu Chi bows his head and addresses General Chen: I hope this letter finds you in good health. It is truly a great relief and joy! General, you are brave enough to lead the troops and possess extraordinary talents. You should have lofty aspirations like the swan, but why did you abandon your modest ambitions and envy those with high - flying dreams? In the past, you seized the opportunity and met a wise lord. You established great achievements, founded a new state, and were honored as a king. At that time, you rode in magnificent carriages, held high - ranking positions, and commanded a vast army. How majestic you were! But now, how come you suddenly became a fugitive captive, trembling at the sound of the enemy's arrows and kowtowing in front of the enemy's tents? How despicable!
When you were making the decision to stay or leave, there was no other reason. It was simply because you failed to reflect on yourself and were misled by rumors, which led you astray and put you in such a situation today. Now, the saintly court pardons past mistakes and only values contributions. It is sincere and inclusive, comforting those who are uneasy. You must be aware of this, so I won't say more. In the past, Zhu Wei was involved in the murder of Emperor Guangwu of Han's elder brother Liu Yan, and Zhang Xiu killed Cao Cao's beloved son Cao Ang. However, Emperor Guangwu and Emperor Wu of Wei didn't doubt them but treated them like old ministers. Moreover, you don't have such heinous crimes as they did, and your merits are even greater than those of people at that time! It is commendable for those who realize their mistakes on the wrong path and return to the right way in ancient times; it is highly respected in ancient classics to reform oneself. The emperor relaxes the laws and shows mercy, even forgiving those who are as big as whales. You have the integrity of pine and cypress, remaining vigorous even after experiencing hardships. Who doesn't fear death? But when you think of your parents buried in your hometown, if you really can't avoid death, even a coward will strive for life due to admiration for justice! I hope you can carefully consider and take action yourself. When you are old with white hair in your later years, you can enjoy family happiness and spend your twilight years peacefully. If you can return to the east, it will be truly fortunate.
Now, the meritorious officials and famous generals are all in an orderly arrangement. They wear purple robes and hold yellow seals, participating in national decision - making. They ride in light carriages, hold symbolic staffs, and take on important military tasks in the border areas. They even make a blood oath with their horses and pass on their merits to their descendants. But you, General, are shamelessly clinging to life, serving a foreign monarch. Aren't you sad?
Just as Murong Chao, no matter how powerful he was, was finally sent to the eastern market for execution; and Yao Hong, no matter how prosperous his regime was, was captured and surrendered in the western capital. It can be seen that the land covered by frost and dew will not nurture different races; the ancient states of the Ji and Han dynasties will not accept mongrels. The northern barbarians have usurped the Central Plains for many years. Their sins have accumulated and disasters are full. Logically, they should perish. Moreover, their favored and treacherous officials are cruel and cunning, killing each other. The tribes are divided, and the tribal leaders are suspicious of each other. They should be tied up and sent to the barbarian lodges, with their heads hung on the Gaojie Street in Chang'an. But you, General, are like a fish swimming in boiling water and a swallow building a nest on a fluttering curtain. Isn't it very confused?
In the late spring of March, the grass in the south of the Yangtze River grows long, various wild flowers bloom among the trees, and flocks of orioles fly around. When you see the flags and drums of your hometown and recall the past days, touching the strings of your instrument while standing on the city wall, how can you not feel sad?
In the past, Lian Po missed his position as a general in Zhao, and Wu Qi cried when leaving Xihua. This is human nature. How could you, General, be without feelings? I hope you can cheer up soon and seek your own well - being.
The current emperor is wise and the world is peaceful and happy. The Western Regions present white jade rings, and the northeastern ethnic minorities send cudgel arrows; the ethnic minorities in Yelang and Dianchi untie their hair buns and request to submit; the people in Chaoxian and Changhai also come to surrender one after another. Only the northern barbarians are ambitious, stubbornly resisting in the desert frontier, just trying to prolong their lives. The Prince of Linchuan, Xiao Hong, the Grand Marshal, has noble virtues and is a close relative of the royal family. He takes overall charge of military affairs. He comforts the people by the Luo River and punishes the criminals in Qinzhou. If you still don't change your attitude, I will remember what I said before. For now, I just express my previous thoughts to you. I hope you can think it over carefully. Chu Chi bows his head.

背景补充

创作背景

南朝梁武帝天监四年（公元505年），梁武帝命临川王萧宏领兵北伐，陈伯之屯兵寿阳与梁军对抗，萧宏命记室丘迟以个人名义写信劝降陈伯之。陈伯之收到这封信后，为书信的情理所慑服，不久就率八千之众投降。

作者简介

丘迟（464年 - 508年），字希范，吴兴乌程（今浙江省湖州市）人，南朝梁文学家。初仕南齐，官至殿中郎、车骑录事参军。后投入萧衍幕中，为其所重。萧衍代齐称帝后，丘迟历任中书侍郎、永嘉太守、拜中书郎，迁司徒从事中郎。天监七年，出为永嘉太守，在郡期间，他礼贤下士，广纳人才，为当地的文化发展做出了贡献。天监八年，丘迟卒于任上，时年四十五岁。
丘迟的诗文辞采逸丽，亦擅诗，钟嵘《诗品》以入中品，并称其“点缀映媚，似落花依草”。其代表作除《与陈伯之书》外，还有《旦发渔浦潭》《敬酬柳仆射征怨》等。

文章主旨

这篇文章的主旨是劝说陈伯之归降梁朝。作者首先回顾了陈伯之昔日的辉煌，指出他如今投降北魏的可悲处境，然后以历史典故说明人应迷途知返，接着描绘江南春景，引发陈伯之的思乡之情，又列举北魏统治者的种种劣迹，说明其必然灭亡的命运，最后晓以大义，动之以情，劝陈伯之认清形势，早日归降，以实现自身的价值和享受天伦之乐。

作品影响

《与陈伯之书》是一篇脍炙人口的骈文，具有很高的艺术价值。它以其委婉曲折的言辞、真挚动人的情感、严密的逻辑和华丽的辞藻，成为千古传诵的名篇。这篇文章不仅在文学史上占有重要地位，而且在政治和外交上也具有一定的借鉴意义。它展示了如何运用文字的力量去打动人心、说服他人，为后世的政治宣传和外交辞令提供了范例。同时，文章中对江南春景的描写，也成为了中国文学史上的经典片段，展现了江南地区的美丽风光和独特魅力。