归去来兮辞

《归去来兮辞》原文

余家贫，耕植不足以自给。幼稚盈室，瓶无储粟，生生所资，未见其术。亲故多劝余为长吏，脱然有怀，求之靡途。会有四方之事，诸侯以惠爱为德，家叔以余贫苦，遂见用于小邑。于时风波未静，心惮远役，彭泽去家百里，公田之利，足以为酒。故便求之。及少日，眷然有归欤之情。何则？质性自然，非矫厉所得。饥冻虽切，违己交病。尝从人事，皆口腹自役。于是怅然慷慨，深愧平生之志。犹望一稔，当敛裳宵逝。寻程氏妹丧于武昌，情在骏奔，自免去职。仲秋至冬，在官八十余日。因事顺心，命篇曰《归去来兮》。乙巳岁十一月也。
归去来兮，田园将芜胡不归？既自以心为形役，奚惆怅而独悲？悟已往之不谏，知来者之可追。实迷途其未远，觉今是而昨非。舟遥遥以轻飏，风飘飘而吹衣。问征夫以前路，恨晨光之熹微。
乃瞻衡宇，载欣载奔。僮仆欢迎，稚子候门。三径就荒，松菊犹存。携幼入室，有酒盈樽。引壶觞以自酌，眄庭柯以怡颜。倚南窗以寄傲，审容膝之易安。园日涉以成趣，门虽设而常关。策扶老以流憩，时矫首而遐观。云无心以出岫，鸟倦飞而知还。景翳翳以将入，抚孤松而盘桓。
归去来兮，请息交以绝游。世与我而相违，复驾言兮焉求？悦亲戚之情话，乐琴书以消忧。农人告余以春及，将有事于西畴。或命巾车，或棹孤舟。既窈窕以寻壑，亦崎岖而经丘。木欣欣以向荣，泉涓涓而始流。善万物之得时，感吾生之行休。
已矣乎！寓形宇内复几时？曷不委心任去留？胡为乎遑遑欲何之？富贵非吾愿，帝乡不可期。怀良辰以孤往，或植杖而耘耔。登东皋以舒啸，临清流而赋诗。聊乘化以归尽，乐夫天命复奚疑！

中文翻译

我家贫穷，耕田植桑不足以供自己生活。孩子很多，米缸里没有存粮，维持生活所需的一切，没有办法解决。亲友大都劝我去做官，我心里也有这个念头，可是求官缺少门路。正赶上有奉使外出的差事，地方大吏以爱惜人才为美德，叔父也因为我家境贫苦（替我设法），我就被委任到小县做官。那时社会上动荡不安，心里惧怕到远地当官。彭泽县离家一百里，公田收获的粮食，足够造酒饮用，所以就请求去那里。等到过了一些日子，便产生了留恋故园的怀乡感情。那是为什么？本性任其自然，这是勉强不得的；饥寒虽然来得急迫，但是违背本意去做官，身心都感痛苦。过去为官做事，都是为了吃饭而役使自己。于是惆怅感慨，深深有愧于平生的志愿。只再等上一年，便收拾行装连夜离去。不久，嫁到程家的妹妹在武昌去世，去吊丧的心情像骏马奔驰一样急迫，自己请求免去官职。自立秋第二个月到冬天，在职共八十多天。因辞官而顺遂了心愿，写了一篇文章，题目叫《归去来兮》。这时候正是乙巳年（晋安帝义熙元年）十一月。
回家去吧！田园快要荒芜了，为什么不回去呢？既然自己的心灵为形体所役使，为什么如此失意而独自伤悲？认识到过去的错误已经不可挽回，知道未来的事还来得及补救。确实走入了迷途大概还不远，已觉悟到现在的做法是对的而曾经的行为是错的。船在水上轻轻飘荡，微风吹拂着衣裳。向行人打听前面的路，遗憾的是天亮得太慢。
刚刚看到自己简陋的家门，我心中欣喜，奔跑过去。孩子们欢快地迎接，孩子们守候在门前或院子里。院子里的小路快要荒芜了，松树菊花还长在那里；带着孩子们进了屋，美酒已经盛满了酒樽。我端起酒壶酒杯自斟自饮，观赏着庭树（使我）露出愉快的神色；倚着南窗寄托我的傲世之情，深知这狭小之地容易使我心安。每天（独自）在园中散步，成为乐趣,小园的门经常地关闭着；拄着拐杖走走歇歇，时时抬头望着远方（的天空）。白云自然而然地从山峰飘浮而出，倦飞的小鸟也知道飞回巢中；日光暗淡，即将落山，我流连不忍离去，手抚着孤松徘徊不已。
回去吧！让我同外界断绝交游。他们的一切都跟我的志趣不合，还要驾车出去追求什么？跟亲戚朋友谈心使我愉悦，弹琴读书能使我忘记忧愁；农夫把春天到了的消息告诉了我，将要去西边的田地耕作。有时驾着有布篷的小车，有时划着一条小船，既要探寻那幽深的沟壑，又要走过那高低不平的山丘。树木欣欣向荣，泉水缓缓流动，（我）羡慕万物恰逢繁荣滋长的季节，感叹自己一生行将告终。
算了吧！身体寄托在天地间还能有多少时候？为什么不随心所欲，听凭自然的生死？为什么心神不定，还想去什么地方？富贵不是我所求，升入仙界也没有希望。爱惜那良辰美景我独自去欣赏，要不就扶杖锄草耕种；登上东边山坡我放声长啸，傍着清清的溪流把诗歌吟唱；姑且顺随自然的变化，度到生命的尽头。乐天安命，还有什么可疑虑的呢？

英文翻译

My family is poor, and farming and sericulture are not enough to support myself. There are many children in my family, but there is no grain stored in the jar. I have no way to meet the needs of livelihood. Most of my relatives and friends advised me to be an official. I also had such an idea in my heart, but I lacked the way to seek an official position. Just then, there was an official mission to other places. The local officials regarded loving and cherishing talents as a virtue. My uncle also tried to find a way for me because of my poverty, so I was appointed as an official in a small county. At that time, the society was in turmoil, and I was afraid of going to a distant place to be an official. Pengze County was one hundred li away from my home. The grain harvested from the public fields was enough to make wine, so I asked to go there. After a few days, I began to miss my hometown. Why? My nature is to follow nature, which cannot be forced. Although hunger and cold are urgent, it is painful to go against my will to be an official. In the past, when I was an official, I was just using myself to make a living. So I felt sad and regretful, and was deeply ashamed of my lifelong ambition. I only waited for another year, and then packed up and left overnight. Soon, my sister who was married to the Cheng family died in Wuchang. I was in such a hurry to attend her funeral as if a swift horse was galloping. So I asked to be relieved of my official position. From the second month of autumn to winter, I had been in office for more than eighty days. Since resigning from my official position fulfilled my wish, I wrote an article entitled "Returning Home". It was November of the year of Yisi (the first year of Yixi in the reign of Emperor An of the Eastern Jin Dynasty).
Go home! The fields will be overgrown with weeds. Why not go back? Since I have made my heart a slave to my body, why should I feel so frustrated and sad alone? I realize that the past mistakes cannot be remedied, but I know that the future can still be redeemed. I am probably not far from being in the wrong path, and I realize that what I am doing now is right and what I did before was wrong. The boat is floating gently on the water, and the breeze is blowing on my clothes. I ask the passers - by about the way ahead, and I regret that the morning light is too dim.
Just as I see my shabby house, I am overjoyed and run towards it. The children welcome me happily, and some of them are waiting at the door. The small path in the yard is almost overgrown with weeds, but the pine trees and chrysanthemums are still there. I take the children into the house, and there is wine in the full wine cup. I pick up the wine pot and cup to drink by myself, and look at the courtyard trees to make my face happy. I lean against the south window to express my pride, and realize that this small place is easy to make me feel at ease. I walk in the garden every day for fun, and the door is often closed; I walk with a cane and rest from time to time, and look up into the distance from time to time. The clouds float out of the mountains without any intention, and the tired birds know to fly back to their nests. The light is getting dim and the sun is about to set. I linger and hesitate to leave, stroking the lonely pine tree.
Go back! Let me cut off all social intercourse. Their ideas are all contrary to my aspirations. What else should I drive to seek? Talking with relatives and friends makes me happy, and playing the zither and reading books can make me forget my worries. The peasants told me that spring has come, and I will go to work in the fields in the west. Sometimes I drive a small covered carriage, and sometimes I row a small boat. I want to explore the deep valleys and also pass through the rugged hills. The trees are thriving, and the springs are flowing gently. I envy all things that are in the right season, and feel sad that my life is coming to an end.
Enough! How long can my body stay in this world? Why not follow my heart and let nature take its course? Why am I so restless and where do I want to go? Wealth and honor are not what I want, and immortality is not achievable. I cherish the fine days and enjoy them alone. If not, I will support myself with a cane to hoe and weed; I will climb up to the eastern hillside and whistle loudly, and compose poems by the clear stream. Let me follow the natural course of life until the end. Be content with one's fate. What else is there to doubt?

背景补充

创作背景

东晋义熙元年（公元405年）十一月，陶渊明担任彭泽县令仅八十余天，便毅然辞官归隐。《归去来兮辞》便是他回归田园之初所作，以明心志。当时，陶渊明对官场的黑暗和仕途的无奈有了深刻认识，他不愿为了微薄的俸禄而违背自己的本心，阿谀奉承、趋炎附势。于是，他选择回归田园，追求自由、宁静的生活，《归去来兮辞》正是他这种心境的真实写照。

创作意图

• ​表达归隐决心​：文章开篇“归去来兮，田园将芜胡不归”，直接表明了陶渊明回归田园的急切心情。他通过对自己过去仕途经历的反思，认识到官场生活与自己的本性相悖，从而坚定了归隐的决心。
• ​抒发田园之乐​：在文中，陶渊明描绘了田园生活的美好景象，如“三径就荒，松菊犹存”“木欣欣以向荣，泉涓涓而始流”等，表达了他对田园生活的热爱和享受。他陶醉于自然的怀抱，与山水、田园融为一体，忘却了尘世的烦恼和忧愁。
• ​宣扬人生哲学​：陶渊明在文中表达了自己的人生哲学，即顺应自然、安贫乐道。他认为富贵不是人生的追求，帝乡也不可期，只有珍惜当下，顺应自然的变化，才能获得真正的快乐和自由。“聊乘化以归尽，乐夫天命复奚疑”，体现了他对人生的豁达态度和对命运的坦然接受。

文学影响

• ​开创田园诗派​：《归去来兮辞》是中国文学史上第一篇以田园生活为主题的抒情辞赋，为后世田园诗派的创作奠定了基础。它以其清新自然的语言、真挚深厚的情感和独特的艺术风格，对后世文人的创作产生了深远影响，如唐代的王维、孟浩然等诗人，都深受陶渊明田园诗的影响。
• ​丰富文学题材​：这篇文章拓展了中国古代文学的题材领域，将田园生活引入文学创作的视野，使文学作品更加贴近生活、关注自然。它让读者感受到了田园生活的宁静与美好，也引发了人们对人生价值和生活方式的思考。
• ​塑造文人形象​：陶渊明通过《归去来兮辞》塑造了一个不慕荣利、回归自然的文人形象，成为中国文学史上的经典形象之一。他的这种精神境界和人生态度，成为后世文人敬仰和追求的榜样，激励着无数文人在困境中坚守自我，追求自由和真理。