鸿门宴

《鸿门宴》原文

沛公军霸上，未得与项羽相见。沛公左司马曹无伤使人言于项羽曰：“沛公欲王关中，使子婴为相，珍宝尽有之。”项羽大怒曰：“旦日飨士卒，为击破沛公军！”当是时，项羽兵四十万，在新丰鸿门；沛公兵十万，在霸上。范增说项羽曰：“沛公居山东时，贪于财货，好美姬。今入关，财物无所取，妇女无所幸，此其志不在小。吾令人望其气，皆为龙虎，成五采，此天子气也。急击勿失！”
楚左尹项伯者，项羽季父也，素善留侯张良。张良是时从沛公，项伯乃夜驰之沛公军，私见张良，具告以事，欲呼张良与俱去，曰：“毋从俱死也。”张良曰：“臣为韩王送沛公，沛公今事有急，亡去不义，不可不语。”良乃入，具告沛公。沛公大惊，曰：“为之奈何？”张良曰：“谁为大王为此计者？”曰：“鲰生说我曰：‘距关，毋内诸侯，秦地可尽王也。’故听之。”良曰：“料大王士卒足以当项王乎？”沛公默然，曰：“固不如也。且为之奈何？”张良曰：“请往谓项伯，言沛公不敢背项王也。”沛公曰：“君安与项伯有故？”张良曰：“秦时与臣游，项伯杀人，臣活之；今事有急，故幸来告良。”沛公曰：“孰与君少长？”良曰：“长于臣。”沛公曰：“君为我呼入，吾得兄事之。”张良出，要项伯。项伯即入见沛公。沛公奉卮酒为寿，约为婚姻，曰：“吾入关，秋毫不敢有所近，籍吏民，封府库，而待将军。所以遣将守关者，备他盗之出入与非常也。日夜望将军至，岂敢反乎！愿伯具言臣之不敢倍德也。”项伯许诺，谓沛公曰：“旦日不可不蚤自来谢项王。”沛公曰：“诺。”于是项伯复夜去，至军中，具以沛公言报项王，因言曰：“沛公不先破关中，公岂敢入乎？今人有大功而击之，不义也。不如因善遇之。”项王许诺。
沛公旦日从百余骑来见项王，至鸿门，谢曰：“臣与将军戮力而攻秦，将军战河北，臣战河南，然不自意能先入关破秦，得复见将军于此。今者有小人之言，令将军与臣有郤。”项王曰：“此沛公左司马曹无伤言之。不然，籍何以至此？”项王即日因留沛公与饮。项王、项伯东向坐；亚父南向坐，——亚父者，范增也；沛公北向坐；张良西向侍。范增数目项王，举所佩玉玦以示之者三，项王默然不应。范增起，出，召项庄，谓曰：“君王为人不忍。若入前为寿，寿毕，请以剑舞，因击沛公于坐，杀之。不者，若属皆且为所虏！”庄则入为寿。寿毕，曰：“君王与沛公饮，军中无以为乐，请以剑舞。”项王曰：“诺。”项庄拔剑起舞。项伯亦拔剑起舞，常以身翼蔽沛公，庄不得击。
于是张良至军门见樊哙。樊哙曰：“今日之事何如？”良曰：“甚急！今者项庄拔剑舞，其意常在沛公也。”哙曰：“此迫矣！臣请入，与之同命。”哙即带剑拥盾入军门。交戟之卫士欲止不内。樊哙侧其盾以撞，卫士仆地，哙遂入，披帷西向立，瞋目视项王，头发上指，目眦尽裂。项王按剑而跽曰：“客何为者？”张良曰：“沛公之参乘樊哙者也。”项王曰：“壮士！——赐之卮酒。”则与斗卮酒。哙拜谢，起，立而饮之。项王曰：“赐之彘肩。”则与一生彘肩。樊哙覆其盾于地，加彘肩上，拔剑切而啖之。项王曰：“壮士！能复饮乎？”樊哙曰：“臣死且不避，卮酒安足辞！夫秦王有虎狼之心，杀人如不能举，刑人如恐不胜，天下皆叛之。怀王与诸将约曰：‘先破秦入咸阳者王之。’今沛公先破秦入咸阳，毫毛不敢有所近，封闭宫室，还军霸上，以待大王来。故遣将守关者，备他盗之出入与非常也。劳苦而功高如此，未有封侯之赏，而听细说，欲诛有功之人，此亡秦之续耳。窃为大王不取也！”项王未有以应，曰：“坐。”樊哙从良坐。
坐须臾，沛公起如厕，因招樊哙出。沛公已出，项王使都尉陈平召沛公。沛公曰：“今者出，未辞也，为之奈何？”樊哙曰：“大行不顾细谨，大礼不辞小让。如今人方为刀俎，我为鱼肉，何辞为？”于是遂去。乃令张良留谢。良问曰：“大王来何操？”曰：“我持白璧一双，欲献项王，玉斗一双，欲与亚父。会其怒，不敢献。公为我献之。”张良曰：“谨诺。”当是时，项王军在鸿门下，沛公军在霸上，相去四十里。沛公则置车骑，脱身独骑，与樊哙、夏侯婴、靳强、纪信等四人持剑盾步走，从郦山下，道芷阳间行。沛公谓张良曰：“从此道至吾军，不过二十里耳。度我至军中，公乃入。”
沛公已去，间至军中。张良入谢，曰：“沛公不胜桮杓，不能辞。谨使臣良奉白璧一双，再拜献大王足下，玉斗一双，再拜奉大将军足下。”项王曰：“沛公安在？”良曰：“闻大王有意督过之，脱身独去，已至军矣。”项王则受璧，置之坐上。亚父受玉斗，置之地，拔剑撞而破之，曰：“唉！竖子不足与谋！夺项王天下者必沛公也。吾属今为之虏矣！”项王则受璧，置之坐上。
沛公至军，立诛杀曹无伤。

中文翻译

刘邦驻军霸上，还没有能和项羽相见。刘邦的左司马曹无伤派人对项羽说：“刘邦想要在关中称王，让子婴做丞相，珍宝全都被刘邦占有。”项羽大怒，说：“明天犒劳士兵，给我打败刘邦的军队！”这时候，项羽的军队四十万，驻扎在新丰鸿门；刘邦的军队十万，在霸上。范增劝告项羽说：“沛公在崤山以东的时候，对钱财货物贪恋，喜爱美女。现在进了关，不掠取财物，不迷恋女色，这说明他的志向不在小处。我叫人观望他那里的气运，都是龙虎的形状，呈现五彩的颜色，这是天子的云气呀。赶快攻打，不要失去机会。”
楚国的左尹项伯，是项羽的叔父，一向同留侯张良交好。张良这时正跟随着刘邦。项伯就连夜骑马跑到刘邦的军营，私下会见张良，把事情详细地告诉了他，想叫张良和他一起离开，说：“不要和（刘邦）他们一起死了。”张良说：“我替韩王护送沛公（入关），现在沛公遇到危急的事，逃走是不守信义的，不能不告诉他。”于是张良进去，详细地告诉了刘邦。刘邦大惊，说：“这该怎么办？”张良说：“是谁给大王出这条计策的？”刘邦说：“一个见识短浅的小子劝我说：‘守住函谷关，不要放诸侯进来，秦国的土地可以全部占领而称王。’所以就听了他的话。”张良说：“估计大王的军队足以比得上项王的吗？”刘邦沉默了一会儿，说：“当然不如啊。这又将怎么办呢？”张良说：“请您亲自告诉项伯，说刘邦不敢背叛项王。”刘邦说：“你怎么和项伯有交情？”张良说：“秦朝时，他和我交往，项伯杀了人，我使他活了下来；现在事情危急，幸亏他来告诉我。”刘邦说：“他和你年龄谁大谁小？”张良说：“比我大。”刘邦说：“你替我请他进来，我要像对待兄长一样对待他。”张良出去，邀请项伯。项伯就进去见刘邦。刘邦捧上一杯酒向项伯祝酒，和项伯约定结为儿女亲家，说：“我进入关中，一点东西都不敢据为己有，登记了官吏、百姓，封闭了仓库，等待将军到来。派遣将领把守函谷关的原因，是为了防备其他盗贼进来和意外的变故。我日夜盼望将军到来，怎么敢反叛呢？希望您全部告诉项王我不敢背叛恩德。”项伯答应了，告诉刘邦说：“明天早晨不能不早些亲自来向项王道歉。”刘邦说：“好。”于是项伯又连夜离去，回到军营里，把刘邦的话报告了项羽，趁机说：“沛公不先攻破关中，你怎么敢进关来呢？现在人家有了大功，却要攻打他，这是不讲信义。不如趁此好好对待他。”项羽答应了。
刘邦第二天早晨使一百多人骑着马跟从他来见项羽，到了鸿门，向项羽谢罪说：“我和将军合力攻打秦国，将军在黄河以北作战，我在黄河以南作战，但是我自己没有料到能先进入关中，灭掉秦朝，能够在这里又见到将军。现在有小人的谣言，使您和我发生误会。”项羽说：“这是沛公的左司马曹无伤说的，如果不是这样，我怎么会这么生气？”项羽当天就留下刘邦，和他饮酒。项羽、项伯朝东坐；亚父朝南坐。亚父就是范增；刘邦朝北坐；张良朝西陪侍。范增多次向项羽使眼色，再三举起他佩戴的玉玦暗示项羽，项羽沉默着没有反应。范增起身，出去召来项庄，说：“君王为人心地不狠。你进去上前为他敬酒，敬酒完毕，请求舞剑，趁机把沛公杀死在座位上。否则，你们都将被他俘虏！”项庄就进去敬酒。敬完酒，说：“君王和沛公饮酒，军营里没有什么可以用来作为娱乐的，请让我舞剑。”项羽说：“好。”项庄拔剑起舞。项伯也拔剑起舞，常常张开双臂像鸟儿张开翅膀那样用身体掩护刘邦，项庄无法刺杀。
于是张良到军营门口找樊哙。樊哙问：“今天的事情怎么样？”张良说：“很危急！现在项庄拔剑起舞，他的意图常在沛公身上啊！”樊哙说：“这太危急了，请让我进去，跟他同生死。”于是樊哙拿着剑，持着盾牌，冲入军门。持戟交叉守卫军门的卫士想阻止他进去，樊哙侧着盾牌撞去，卫士跌倒在地上，樊哙就进去了，掀开帷帐朝西站着，瞪着眼睛看着项羽，头发直竖起来，眼角都裂开了。项羽握着剑挺起身问：“客人是干什么的？”张良说：“是沛公的参乘樊哙。”项羽说：“壮士！赏他一杯酒。”左右就递给他一大杯酒，樊哙拜谢后，起身，站着把酒喝了。项羽又说：“赏他一条猪的前腿。”左右就给了他一条未煮熟的猪前腿。樊哙把他的盾牌扣在地上，把猪腿放在上面，拔出剑来切着吃。项羽说：“壮士！还能喝酒吗？”樊哙说：“我死都不怕，一杯酒有什么可推辞的？秦王有虎狼一样的心肠，杀人惟恐不能杀尽，惩罚人惟恐不能用尽酷刑，所以天下人都背叛他。怀王曾和诸将约定：‘先打败秦军进入咸阳的人封作王。’现在沛公先打败秦军进了咸阳，一点儿东西都不敢动用，封闭了宫室，军队退回到霸上，等待大王到来。特意派遣将领把守函谷关的原因，是为了防备其他盗贼的进入和意外的变故。这样劳苦功高，没有得到封侯的赏赐，反而听信小人的谗言，想杀有功的人，这只是灭亡了的秦朝的继续罢了。我以为大王不应该采取这种做法。”项羽没有话回答，说：“坐。”樊哙挨着张良坐下。
坐了一会儿，刘邦起身上厕所，趁机把樊哙叫了出来。刘邦出去后，项羽派都尉陈平去叫刘邦。刘邦说：“现在出来，还没有告辞，这该怎么办？”樊哙说：“做大事不必顾及小节，讲大礼不必计较小的谦让。现在人家正好比是菜刀和砧板，我们则好比是鱼和肉，还辞别什么呢？”于是就决定离去。刘邦就让张良留下来道歉。张良问：“大王来时带了什么东西？”刘邦说：“我带了一对玉璧，想献给项羽；一双玉斗，想送给亚父。正碰上他们发怒，不敢奉献。你替我把它们献上吧。”张良说：“好。”这时候，项羽的军队驻在鸿门，刘邦的军队驻在霸上，相距四十里。刘邦就留下车辆和随从人马，独自骑马脱身，和樊哙、夏侯婴、靳强、纪信四人拿着剑和盾牌徒步逃跑，从郦山脚下，取道芷阳，抄小路走。刘邦对张良说：“从这条路到我们军营，不过二十里罢了，估计我回到军营里，你再进去。”
刘邦离去后，从小路回到军营里。张良进去道歉，说：“刘邦禁受不起酒力，不能当面告辞。让我奉上白璧一双，拜两拜敬献给大王；玉斗一双，拜两拜献给大将军。”项羽说：“沛公在哪里？”张良说：“听说大王有意要责备他，脱身独自离开，已经回到军营了。”项羽就接受了玉璧，把它放在座位上。亚父接过玉斗，放在地上，拔出剑来敲碎了它，说：“唉！这小子不值得和他共谋大事！夺项王天下的人一定是刘邦。我们都要被他俘虏了！”项羽当时没有反应，张良说：“请让我进去辞谢。”张良进去后说：“沛公禁不起多喝酒，不能当面告辞。谨让我奉上白璧一双，拜两拜敬献给大王；玉斗一双，拜两拜献给大将军。”项羽说：“沛公在哪里？”张良说：“听说大王有意责备他，脱身独自离开，已经回到军营了。”项羽就接受了玉璧，把它放在座位上。
刘邦回到军中，立刻杀死了曹无伤。

英文翻译

The Banquet at Hongmen

Liu Bang stationed his troops at Hangu Pass and had not yet met Xiang Yu. Liu Bang's Left Chancellor Cao Wushang sent someone to tell Xiang Yu, "Liu Bang wants to be the king of Guanzhong, appoint Ziying as the prime minister, and possess all the treasures." Xiang Yu was furious and said, "Tomorrow, we'll feast the soldiers and attack Liu Bang's army!" At that time, Xiang Yu had an army of four hundred thousand, stationed at Hongmen in Xinping; Liu Bang had an army of one hundred thousand, stationed at Hangu Pass. Fan Zeng advised Xiang Yu, "When Liu Bang was in the east of the Xiaoshan Mountains, he was greedy for wealth and fond of beautiful women. Now that he has entered Guanzhong, he doesn't take any wealth and doesn't dote on women. This shows that his ambition is not small. I've sent someone to observe the aura above his camp. It's all in the shape of dragons and tigers, presenting five colors. This is the aura of an emperor. Attack him quickly and don't miss the chance!"
Xiang Bo, the Left Minister of Chu, was Xiang Yu's uncle and had always been friendly with Zhang Liang, the Marquis of Liu. At this time, Zhang Liang was following Liu Bang. Xiang Bo rode a horse overnight to Liu Bang's camp and secretly met Zhang Liang. He told Zhang Liang all about the matter and wanted to ask Zhang Liang to leave with him, saying, "Don't die with them." Zhang Liang said, "I escorted Liu Bang on behalf of King Han. Now that Liu Bang is in trouble, it's unfaithful to run away. I can't help but tell him." So Zhang Liang went in and told Liu Bang in detail. Liu Bang was greatly shocked and said, "What should I do?" Zhang Liang asked, "Who gave Your Majesty this idea?" Liu Bang replied, "A short - sighted man advised me, 'Defend Hangu Pass and don't let the feudal lords in. You can occupy the land of Qin and be the king.' So I listened to him." Zhang Liang said, "Do you think Your Majesty's troops are strong enough to match Xiang Yu's?" Liu Bang was silent for a while and said, "Of course not. What should we do then?" Zhang Liang said, "Please go and tell Xiang Bo that Liu Bang dares not betray Xiang Yu." Liu Bang asked, "How do you know Xiang Bo?" Zhang Liang replied, "When Qin was in power, he was friendly with me. Xiang Bo killed someone, and I saved his life. Now that things are in a critical situation, he is lucky to come and tell me." Liu Bang asked, "Who is older, him or you?" Zhang Liang said, "He is older than me." Liu Bang said, "You invite him in and treat him like an elder brother." Zhang Liang went out and invited Xiang Bo. Xiang Bo then went in to see Liu Bang. Liu Bang held a cup of wine to wish Xiang Bo a long life and promised to become in - laws with him, saying, "When I entered Guanzhong, I didn't dare to touch anything. I registered the officials and the people, sealed the government offices and warehouses, and waited for Your Majesty's arrival. The reason why I sent troops to guard Hangu Pass was to prevent other thieves from entering and to deal with unexpected events. I've been looking forward to Your Majesty's arrival day and night. How dare I rebel? I hope you can tell Xiang Yu that I dare not go back on my gratitude." Xiang Bo agreed and said to Liu Bang, "You must come and apologize to Xiang Yu in person tomorrow morning." Liu Bang said, "Okay." Then Xiang Bo rode back to his camp at night, reported Liu Bang's words to Xiang Yu, and took the opportunity to say, "If Liu Bang hadn't broken through Hangu Pass first, how could you have entered? Now that he has made great achievements, it's unjust to attack him. It's better to treat him well." Xiang Yu agreed.
The next day, Liu Bang led more than a hundred horsemen to see Xiang Yu. When he arrived at Hongmen, he apologized, "I and Your Majesty have worked together to attack Qin. Your Majesty fought in the north of the Yellow River, and I fought in the south. Unexpectedly, I was the first to enter Guanzhong and defeat Qin, and I'm lucky to see Your Majesty here again. Now some petty men have spread rumors, causing a misunderstanding between Your Majesty and me." Xiang Yu said, "This was said by Cao Wushang, Liu Bang's Left Chancellor. Otherwise, why would I be so angry?" Xiang Yu then kept Liu Bang and feasted with him. Xiang Yu and Xiang Bo sat facing east; Ya Fu (that is, Fan Zeng) sat facing south; Liu Bang sat facing north; Zhang Liang stood on the west side. Fan Zeng repeatedly gave Xiang Yu meaningful looks and three times showed him the jade pendant he wore, but Xiang Yu remained silent. Fan Zeng got up, went out, and called Xiang Zhuang in. He said, "The king is too kind - hearted. You go in first to offer birthday congratulations. After that, ask to perform a sword dance and take the opportunity to kill Liu Bang while he is sitting. Otherwise, we'll all be captured!" Xiang Zhuang then went in to offer birthday congratulations. After that, he said, "Your Majesty and Liu Bang are feasting. There's nothing to amuse the soldiers in the camp. May I perform a sword dance?" Xiang Yu said, "Okay." Xiang Zhuang drew his sword and started dancing. Xiang Bo also drew his sword and danced, often using his body like a bird spreading its wings to shield Liu Bang, so Xiang Zhuang couldn't stab him.
Then Zhang Liang went to the camp gate and saw Fan Kuai. Fan Kuai asked, "How is the situation today?" Zhang Liang said, "It's very urgent! Now Xiang Zhuang is dancing with his sword, and his intention is always on Liu Bang." Fan Kuai said, "This is urgent! Please let me in and share the same fate with him." Fan Kuai then entered the camp gate with his sword and shield. The guards with crossed halberds at the gate wanted to stop him from entering. Fan Kuai leaned his shield against them and knocked them down, then entered. He pushed aside the curtain and stood facing west, glaring at Xiang Yu, his hair standing on end and his eyes wide open. Xiang Yu held his sword and knelt down, asking, "Who are you?" Zhang Liang said, "He is Fan Kuai, the charioteer of Liu Bang." Xiang Yu said, "A brave man! - Give him a cup of wine." Then they gave him a large cup of wine. Fan Kuai thanked him, got up, stood and drank it. Xiang Yu said, "Give him a pig's foreleg." Then they gave him a raw pig's foreleg. Fan Kuai put his shield on the ground, placed the pig's foreleg on it, drew his sword, cut it, and ate it. Xiang Yu said, "A brave man! Can you drink more?" Fan Kuai said, "I'm not afraid of death. How can I refuse a cup of wine? The King of Qin had a tiger - like and wolf - like heart. He killed people as if he couldn't kill enough and punished people as if he was afraid of not being severe enough. So all the people in the world rebelled against him. King Huai of Chu made an agreement with the generals, 'The one who first breaks through Qin and enters Xianyang will be the king.' Now Liu Bang first broke through Qin and entered Xianyang. He didn't dare to touch anything. He sealed the palace, withdrew his troops to Hangu Pass, and waited for Your Majesty's arrival. The reason why he sent troops to guard Hangu Pass was to prevent other thieves from entering and to deal with unexpected events. He has made such great contributions and worked so hard, but he hasn't received the reward of being ennobled. Instead, you listen to slanderous words and want to kill a man who has made contributions. This is just a continuation of the fall of Qin. I think it's not right for Your Majesty!" Xiang Yu had no reply and said, "Sit down." Fan Kuai sat down beside Zhang Liang.
After sitting for a while, Liu Bang got up and went to the toilet, taking the opportunity to call Fan Kuai out. After Liu Bang left, Xiang Yu sent the Commandant Chen Ping to call Liu Bang. Liu Bang said, "Now that I've left, I haven't said goodbye. What should I do?" Fan Kuai said, "When you're doing great things, you don't have to care about the details. When you're observing great etiquette, you don't have to mind small courtesies. Now the enemy is like a butcher's knife and chopping block, and we are like fish and meat. Why say goodbye?" So he decided to leave. Liu Bang then asked Zhang Liang to stay and apologize. Zhang Liang asked, "What did Your Majesty bring?" Liu Bang said, "I brought a pair of white jade bi and wanted to present them to Xiang Yu, and a pair of jade jue, which I wanted to give to Ya Fu. But he was angry, so I didn't dare to present them. Please present them for me." Zhang Liang said, "Okay." At that time, Xiang Yu's army was at Hongmen, and Liu Bang's army was at Hangu Pass, about forty li apart. Liu Bang then left his chariots and horsemen behind, rode alone on horseback, and walked on foot with Fan Kuai, Xiahou Ying, Jin Qiang, and Ji Xin, holding swords and shields. They went down from Li Mountain, took the road through Zhongyang, and took a shortcut. Liu Bang said to Zhang Liang, "It's only about twenty li from here to our camp. When you estimate that I've reached the camp, you can go in."
After Liu Bang left, he took a shortcut and returned to his camp. Zhang Liang went in to apologize, saying, "Liu Bang couldn't stand the wine and couldn't say goodbye. I respectfully sent Zhang Liang with a pair of white jade bi to present to Your Majesty and a pair of jade jue to present to the Grand General." Xiang Yu asked, "Where is Liu Bang?" Zhang Liang replied, "I heard that Your Majesty intended to reprimand him. He left alone and has already reached his camp." Xiang Yu then accepted the jade bi and put it on his seat. Ya Fu accepted the jade jue, put it on the ground, drew his sword, and smashed it, saying, "Alas! This young man is not worth making plans with. The one who will seize the world from Xiang Yu must be Liu Bang. We're all going to be his captives!" Xiang Yu accepted the jade bi and put it on his seat.
When Liu Bang returned to his camp, he immediately executed Cao Wushang.

背景补充

创作背景

《鸿门宴》出自西汉史学家司马迁所著的《史记·项羽本纪》。司马迁生活在汉武帝时期，他以“究天人之际，通古今之变，成一家之言”为宗旨，创作了中国第一部纪传体通史《史记》。《鸿门宴》这一故事发生在秦末农民起义和楚汉相争的历史背景下。秦朝末年，天下大乱，陈胜、吴广揭竿而起，各地纷纷响应，反秦义军蜂起。刘邦和项羽就是在这样的背景下逐渐崛起成为反秦义军的两支重要力量。在推翻秦朝统治后，刘邦和项羽两大势力之间的矛盾逐渐激化，鸿门宴就是这一矛盾冲突的集中体现。

创作意图

• ​展现历史风云变幻​：司马迁通过详细记述鸿门宴这一历史事件，生动地展现了秦末楚汉之际复杂的政治局势和激烈的权力斗争。在鸿门宴上，各方人物粉墨登场，他们的言行举止、心理活动都反映了当时的政治格局和利益关系，让读者仿佛置身于那个风云变幻的时代。
• ​刻画人物性格形象​：文中对刘邦、项羽、张良、范增、樊哙等人物的描写细致入微，通过他们在鸿门宴上的表现，鲜明地刻画了各自的性格特点。刘邦的机智狡黠、能屈能伸，项羽的刚愎自用、优柔寡断，张良的足智多谋、沉稳冷静，范增的老谋深算、急躁易怒，樊哙的勇猛豪爽、忠心耿耿等都跃然纸上，使这些历史人物形象栩栩如生。
• ​总结历史经验教训​：司马迁在叙述历史事件的过程中，蕴含着对历史的深刻思考和对人事的评判。鸿门宴上项羽的决策失误，为后来刘邦的崛起和楚汉相争的结局埋下了伏笔。司马迁借此提醒后人要从历史中吸取教训，认识到在政治斗争中决策的重要性以及性格对命运的影响。

文学影响

• ​叙事艺术的典范​：《鸿门宴》在叙事上采用了顺叙的手法，按照事件发展的先后顺序依次叙述，条理清晰，层次分明。同时，作者又善于运用细节描写、对话描写等多种手法，使故事情节跌宕起伏，扣人心弦。例如，樊哙闯帐的情节，通过生动的描写，将樊哙的勇猛无畏和刘邦集团的紧张气氛展现得淋漓尽致。
• ​人物塑造的经典​：文中对人物的刻画堪称经典，为后世文学创作提供了宝贵的借鉴。作者通过对人物的外貌、语言、行动和心理活动的描写，深入挖掘人物的内心世界，使人物形象丰满立体。这种人物塑造的方法对后世的小说、戏剧等文学体裁产生了深远的影响。
• ​历史散文的瑰宝​：《鸿门宴》作为《史记》中的经典篇章，以其严谨的结构、生动的语言和深刻的思想内涵，成为中国古代历史散文的瑰宝。它不仅具有很高的史学价值，也具有极高的文学价值，对后世的史学和文学发展都产生了重要的影响。

历史地位

• ​研究秦末楚汉历史的重要资料​：《鸿门宴》详细记录了秦末楚汉之际的重要历史事件和人物活动，为研究这一时期的历史提供了丰富而详实的资料。通过对鸿门宴的分析，可以了解到当时各政治势力的分布、矛盾冲突的根源以及政治斗争的策略和手段等，对于深入了解秦末楚汉的历史发展具有重要意义。
• ​中国文学史上的经典之作​：《鸿门宴》以其卓越的文学成就，在中国文学史上占据着重要的地位。它被广泛收录于各种文学选本中，成为中学语文教材的经典篇目，深受广大读者的喜爱。其叙事手法、人物塑造和语言艺术等方面的成就，对后世的文学创作产生了深远的影响，是中国文学宝库中的一颗璀璨明珠。