前出师表

《前出师表》原文

先帝创业未半而中道崩殂，今天下三分，益州疲弊，此诚危急存亡之秋也。然侍卫之臣不懈于内，忠志之士忘身于外者，盖追先帝之殊遇，欲报之于陛下也。诚宜开张圣听，以光先帝遗德，恢弘志士之气，不宜妄自菲薄，引喻失义，以塞忠谏之路也。
宫中府中，俱为一体，陟罚臧否，不宜异同。若有作奸犯科及为忠善者，宜付有司论其刑赏，以昭陛下平明之理，不宜偏私，使内外异法也。
侍中、侍郎郭攸之、费祎、董允等，此皆良实，志虑忠纯，是以先帝简拔以遗陛下。愚以为宫中之事，事无大小，悉以咨之，然后施行，必能裨补阙漏，有所广益。
将军向宠，性行淑均，晓畅军事，试用于昔日，先帝称之曰能，是以众议举宠为督。愚以为营中之事，悉以咨之，必能使行阵和睦，优劣得所。
亲贤臣，远小人，此先汉所以兴隆也；亲小人，远贤臣，此后汉所以倾颓也。先帝在时，每与臣论此事，未尝不叹息痛恨于桓、灵也。侍中、尚书、长史、参军，此悉贞良死节之臣，愿陛下亲之信之，则汉室之隆，可计日而待也。
臣本布衣，躬耕于南阳，苟全性命于乱世，不求闻达于诸侯。先帝不以臣卑鄙，猥自枉屈，三顾臣于草庐之中，咨臣以当世之事，由是感激，遂许先帝以驱驰。后值倾覆，受任于败军之际，奉命于危难之间，尔来二十有一年矣。
先帝知臣谨慎，故临崩寄臣以大事也。受命以来，夙夜忧叹，恐托付不效，以伤先帝之明，故五月渡泸，深入不毛。今南方已定，兵甲已足，当奖率三军，北定中原，庶竭驽钝，攘除奸凶，兴复汉室，还于旧都。此臣所以报先帝而忠陛下之职分也。至于斟酌损益，进尽忠言，则攸之、祎、允之任也。
愿陛下托臣以讨贼兴复之效，不效，则治臣之罪，以告先帝之灵。若无兴德之言，则责攸之、祎、允等之慢，以彰其咎；陛下亦宜自谋，以咨诹善道，察纳雅言，深追先帝遗诏，臣不胜受恩感激。
今当远离，临表涕零，不知所言。

中文翻译

先帝开创大业未完成一半却中途去世了。现在天下分为三国，益州地区民力匮乏，这确实是国家危急存亡的时刻啊。不过宫廷里侍从护卫的官员不懈怠，战场上忠诚有志的将士们奋不顾身，大概是他们追念先帝对他们的特别的知遇之恩（作战的原因），想要报答在陛下您身上。（陛下）你实在应该扩大圣明的听闻，来发扬光大先帝遗留下来的美德，振奋有远大志向的人的志气，不应当随便看轻自己，说不恰当的话，以致于堵塞人们忠心地进行规劝的言路。
皇宫中和朝廷里的大臣，本都是一个整体，奖惩功过，好坏，不应该有所不同。如果有做奸邪事情，犯科条法令和忠心做善事的人，应当交给主管的官，判定他们受罚或者受赏，来显示陛下公正严明的治理，而不应当有偏袒和私心，使宫内和朝廷奖罚方法不同。
侍中、侍郎郭攸之、费祎、董允等人，这些都是善良诚实的人，他们的志向和心思忠诚无二，因此先帝把他们选拔出来辅佐陛下。我认为（所有的）宫中的事情，无论事情大小，都拿来跟他们商量，这样以后再去实施，一定能够弥补缺点和疏漏之处，可以获得很多的好处。
将军向宠，性格和品行善良公正，精通军事，从前任用时，先帝称赞说他有才干，因此大家评议举荐他做中部督。我认为军队中的事情，都拿来跟他商讨，就一定能使军队团结一心，好的差的各自找到他们的位置。
亲近贤臣，疏远小人，这是西汉之所以兴隆的原因；亲近小人，疏远贤臣，这是东汉之所以衰败的原因。先帝在世的时候，每逢跟我谈论这些事情，没有一次不对桓、灵二帝的做法感到叹息痛心遗憾的。侍中、尚书、长史、参军，这些人都是忠贞诚实、能够以死报国的忠臣，希望陛下亲近他们，信任他们，那么汉朝的兴隆就指日可待了。
我本来是平民，在南阳务农亲耕，在乱世中苟且保全性命，不奢求在诸侯之中出名。先帝不因为我身份卑微，见识短浅，降低身份委屈自己，三次去我的茅庐拜访我，征询我对时局大事的意见，我因此十分感动，就答应为先帝奔走效劳。后来遇到兵败，在兵败的时候接受任务，在危机患难之间奉行使命，那时以来已经有二十一年了。
先帝知道我做事小心谨慎，所以临终时把国家大事托付给我。接受遗命以来，我早晚忧愁叹息，只怕先帝托付给我的事不能完成，以致损伤先帝的知人之明，所以我五月渡过泸水，深入到人烟稀少的地方。现在南方已经平定，兵员装备已经充足，应当激励、率领全军将士向北方进军，平定中原，希望用尽我平庸的才能，铲除奸邪凶恶的敌人，恢复汉朝的基业，回到旧日的国都。这就是我用来报答先帝，并且尽忠陛下的职责本分。至于处理事务，斟酌情理，有所兴革，毫无保留地进献忠诚的建议，那就是郭攸之、费祎、董允等人的责任了。
希望陛下能够把讨伐曹魏，兴复汉室的任务托付给我，如果没有成功，就惩治我的罪过，（从而）用来告慰先帝的在天之灵。如果没有振兴圣德的建议，就责罚郭攸之、费祎、董允等人的怠慢,来揭示他们的过失；陛下也应自行谋划，征求、询问治国的好道理，采纳正确的言论，深切追念先帝临终留下的教诲。我感激不尽。
今天(我)将要告别陛下远行了，面对这份奏表禁不住热泪纵横，也不知说了些什么。

英文翻译

The late Emperor was taken from us before he could complete his great enterprise of founding a dynasty. Now the empire is divided into three kingdoms, and Shu Han is exhausted and weak. This is truly a critical moment when survival or extinction hangs in the balance. However, the officials in the palace and the court are not remiss in their duties, and the loyal and brave generals on the battlefield are ready to sacrifice their lives. This is probably because they remember the special favor bestowed upon them by the late Emperor and wish to repay it to Your Majesty. You should indeed broaden your vision and promote the virtues left by the late Emperor, inspire the spirits of those with lofty aspirations, and refrain from belittling yourself or using inappropriate language, so as not to block the channels for loyal advice.
The officials in the palace and the court are all part of the same body. Rewards and punishments, rewards and penalties should not be different. If there are those who commit crimes or act with integrity, they should be handed over to the appropriate authorities for judgment, to show Your Majesty's fair and clear governance. You should not show favoritism or have different laws inside and outside the palace.
Guo Youzhi, Fei Yi, and Dong Yun, the attendants and assistant ministers, are all honest and loyal people. Their intentions and thoughts are sincere and pure. Therefore, the late Emperor selected them to assist Your Majesty. I believe that for all matters in the palace, regardless of their size, you should consult them first and then implement them. This will surely make up for any deficiencies and omissions and bring many benefits.
General Xiang Chong is kind - hearted and fair in nature and behavior, and is well - versed in military affairs. When he was tried before, the late Emperor praised him as capable. Therefore, everyone recommended him to be the commander. I think that for all matters in the army, you should consult him, and this will surely make the troops united and each person find his proper place according to his abilities.
Be close to virtuous officials and keep away from petty men. This is why the Western Han Dynasty flourished; be close to petty men and keep away from virtuous officials. This is why the Eastern Han Dynasty declined. When the late Emperor was alive, every time he talked about this matter with me, he couldn't help sighing with regret for Emperors Huan and Ling of the Eastern Han. The attendants, the Minister over the Masses, the Prefect of the Masters of Writing, and the Staff Officer, these are all loyal and righteous officials who are willing to die for their country. I hope Your Majesty will be close to them and trust them. Then the prosperity of the Han Dynasty can be expected in the near future.
I am originally a commoner, farming in Nanyang, just trying to survive in troubled times and not seeking fame among the lords. The late Emperor did not despise my lowly status and limited knowledge. He humbled himself and visited my thatched cottage three times to ask for my opinions on current affairs. I was so moved that I promised to serve him. Later, when the army was defeated, I took on the task at the time of defeat and carried out the mission in times of crisis. It has been twenty - one years since then.
The late Emperor knew that I was cautious in handling affairs, so he entrusted me with the great affairs of the state before he died. Since I received the mandate, I have been worried day and night, fearing that I would fail to fulfill the late Emperor's entrustment and thus damage his reputation for being able to recognize talents. Therefore, I crossed the Lu River in May and went deep into the sparsely populated areas. Now that the south has been pacified and the troops and equipment are sufficient, you should encourage and lead the whole army to march north, pacify the Central Plains, and hope to use my mediocre abilities to eliminate the treacherous and restore the Han Dynasty and return to the old capital. This is how I repay the late Emperor and remain loyal to Your Majesty. As for handling affairs, weighing the pros and cons, and making improvements without reservation, it is the responsibility of Guo Youzhi, Fei Yi, and Dong Yun.
I hope Your Majesty will entrust me with the task of defeating the enemy and restoring the Han Dynasty. If I fail, you can punish me for my crime to inform the spirit of the late Emperor in heaven. If there are no suggestions for promoting virtue, then blame Guo Youzhi, Fei Yi, and Dong Yun for their negligence to show their faults. Your Majesty should also think for yourself, seek good advice, accept sincere words, and deeply remember the late Emperor's last will. I am extremely grateful.
Now I am about to leave and be far away. Facing this memorial, I am in tears and do not know what to say.

背景补充

创作背景

蜀汉建兴五年（公元227年），诸葛亮率军驻守汉中，准备北伐曹魏。在出师之前，他向后主刘禅上了一篇表文，即《前出师表》。当时，蜀汉面临着内忧外患的局面。内部，益州历经战乱，民生疲敝，需要休养生息；外部，曹魏势力强大，对蜀汉构成严重威胁。诸葛亮为了实现兴复汉室的目标，决定亲自率军北伐。但他深知后主刘禅年轻，缺乏治国经验，担心自己在前线作战时，后方会出现问题，因此写下这篇表文，向后主陈述自己的意见和对后主的期望。

创作意图

• ​表达忠诚​：诸葛亮在文中回顾了自己受先帝刘备知遇之恩，以及先帝临终托孤的情景，表达了自己对先帝的感激之情和对蜀汉政权的忠诚。他强调自己将竭尽全力完成先帝遗愿，北伐中原，兴复汉室，以此来报答先帝的知遇之恩。
• ​劝诫后主​：诸葛亮向后主刘禅提出了许多建议，如广开言路、赏罚分明、亲贤远佞等。他希望后主能够听取忠言，任用贤能，远离小人，以确保蜀汉政权的稳定和发展。同时，他也表达了自己对后主的期望，希望后主能够励精图治，完成兴复汉室的大业。
• ​鼓舞士气​：在表文中，诸葛亮向将士们表明了自己北伐的决心和信心，激励他们奋勇杀敌，为实现兴复汉室的目标而努力奋斗。他强调自己将不负先帝重托，不成功便成仁，以此来鼓舞士气，增强军队的凝聚力和战斗力。

文学影响

• ​散文典范​：《前出师表》以其真挚的情感、恳切的言辞和严谨的结构，成为中国古代散文的经典之作。它打破了当时骈文盛行的局面，以散句为主，间用骈偶，语言自然流畅，富有感染力。文章在叙事、抒情和说理方面都达到了很高的水平，对后世散文的发展产生了深远的影响。
• ​情感共鸣​：文章中所表达的对国家的忠诚、对君主的忠心、对人民的关怀以及对理想的执着追求，引起了历代读者的广泛共鸣。无论是在封建时代还是现代社会，人们都能从诸葛亮的遭遇中感受到他的高尚品格和伟大精神，从而受到教育和启发。
• ​文化传承​：作为中国传统文化的重要组成部分，《前出师表》体现了中国古代的伦理道德观念和社会价值观。它所倡导的忠诚、正直、勤勉、奉献等品质，不仅是中华民族的传统美德，也是构建和谐社会的重要基石。通过对《前出师表》的学习和传承，人们可以更好地理解和弘扬中国传统文化。